Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on personal well-beinga longitudinal study in Spanish population
-
1
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
info
ISSN: 0212-9728, 1695-2294
Year of publication: 2022
Volume: 38
Issue: 3
Pages: 458-468
Type: Article
More publications in: Anales de psicología
Abstract
The main objective of this longitudinal study, with two mea-surements, one before the lockdown (M1: March 2-8), and the other du-ring the lockdown (M2: April 20-26), using the same participants, is to determine the evolution of the hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being and the effect of compulsory confinement due to the COVID-19 pande-mic in Spain. The study was conducted online, participants completed the domains of the PERMA-Profiler well-being measure at both measurement times (M1 and M2) and the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-sR) measure of dispositional optimism at the first measurement (M1). The results show significant relationships between all the well-being domains and the Overall Well-being (PERMA) score, similar at both measurements (M1 and M2). The comparison of the well-being domains score between the two measurements shows significant differences in Positive Emotion, Engagement, Meaning, and the Overall Well-being score; the score is higher at the first measurement (M1) than at the second measurement (M2). For the Negative Emotion domain, the score is higher during the lockdown (M2). Dispositional optimism has a moderation effect during the lockdown on the Accomplishment domain: the more optimistic the person is, the more their Accomplishment score increases. Gender also has a moderation effect during the lockdown on the Happiness domain: in men, the Happiness score increases during the lockdown and, in women, it decreases, when comparing both genders with their previous non-confinement levels.
Bibliographic References
- Ahuja, K. K., Banerjee, D., Chaudhary, K., & Gidwani, C. (2021). Fear, xenophobia and collectivism as predictors of well-being during Coronavirus disease 2019: An empirical study from India. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(1), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020936323
- Ayse, E. B. (2018). Adaptation of the PERMA Well-Being Scale into Tur-kish: Validity and Reliability Studies. Educational Research and Reviews, 13(4), 129-135. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2017.3435
- Bendau, A., Plag, J., Kunas, S., Wyka, S., Ströhle, A., & Petzold, M. B. (2021). Longitudinal changes in anxiety and psychological distress, and associated risk and protective factors during the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Brain and Behavior, 11(2), e01964. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1964
- Boehm, J. K., Williams, D. R., Rimm, E. B., Ryff, C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2013). Association between optimism and serum antioxidants in the midlife in the United States study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75(1), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31827c08a9
- Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526
- Cano-García, F. J., Sanduvete-Chaves, S., Chacón-Moscoso, S., Rodríguez-Franco, L., García-Martínez, J., Antuña-Bellerín, M. A., & Pérez-Gil, J. A. (2015). Factor structure of the Spanish version of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R): Testing several models. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(2), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.01.003
- Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2002). Optimism. In C.R. Snyder, & S.J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 231-243). Oxford: University Press.
- Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879-889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006
- Chang, E. C., & Sanna, L. J. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and positive and negative affectivity in middle-aged adults: a test of a cognitive-affective model of psychological adjustment. Psychology and Aging, 16(3), 524-531. https://doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.16.3.524
- Cobo-Rendón, R., Pérez Villalobos, M. V., & Díaz Mujica, A. (2020). Propiedades psicométricas del PERMA-Profiler para la medición del bienestar en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Revista Ciencias De La Salud, 18(1), 119-133. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/revsalud/a.8775
- Cummins, R. A., Eckersley, R., Pallant, J., van Vugt, J., & Misajon, R. (2003). Developing a national index of subjective wellbeing: The Australian Unity Wellbeing Index. Social Indicators Research, 64(2), 159-190. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024704320683
- Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
- Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403-425. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056
- Ferrando, P. J., Chico, E., & Tous, J. M. (2002). Propiedades psicométricas del test de optimismo Life Orientation Test. Psicothema, 14(3), 673-680.
- Forgeard, M. J. C., Jayawickreme, E., Kern, M., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Doing the right thing: Measuring wellbeing for public policy. International Journal of Wellbeing, 1(1), 79-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v1i1.15
- Galea, S., Merchant, R. M., & Lurie, N. (2020). The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing: The Need for Prevention and Early Intervention. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(6), 817-818. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1562
- Giangrasso, B. (2021). Psychometric properties of the PERMA-Profiler as hedonic and eudaimonic well-being measure in an Italian context. Current Psychology, 40(3), 1175-1184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-0040-3
- Glaesmer, H., Rief, W., Martin, A., Mewes, R., Brähler, E., Zenger, M., & Hinz, A. (2012). Psychometric properties and population-based norms of the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R). British Journal of Health Psychology, 17(2), 432-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02046.x
- Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D.J., Kashdan, T.B., & Kauffman, S.B. (2018). Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PERMA. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 321-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1388434
- Hanssen, M. M., Vancleef, L. M. G., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Hayes, A. F., Schouten, E. G. W., & Peters, M. L. (2015). Optimism, motivational coping and well-being: Evidence supporting the importance of flexible goal adjustment. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(6), 1525-1537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9572-x
- Hayes, A. F. (2018). Methodology in the social sciences. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Second Edition. Guilford Press
- Henderson, L. W., & Knight, T. (2012). Integrating the hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives to more comprehensively understand wellbeing and pathways to wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3), 196-221. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v2i3.3
- Hinz, A., Sander, C., Glaesmer, H., Brähler, E., Zenger, M., Hilbert, A., & Kocalevent, R.-D. (2017). Optimism and pessimism in the general population: Psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 17(2), 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.02.003
- Hone, L. C., Jarden, A., Schofield, G. M., & Duncan, S. (2014). Measuring flourishing: The impact of operational definitions on the prevalence of high levels of wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 4(1), 62-90. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v4i1.4
- Hossain, M. M., Sultana, A., & Purohit, N. (2020). Mental health outcomes of quarantine and isolation for infection prevention: A systematic umbrella review of the global evidence. Epidemiology and Health, 42, e2020038. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020038
- Iasiello, M., Bartholomaeus, J., Jarden, A., & Kelly, G. (2017). Measuring PERMA+ in South Australia, the state of Wellbeing: A comparison with national and international norms. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 1(2), 53-72.
- IBM Corp. Released (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. IBM Corp.
- International Test Commission (2017). The ITCGuidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests (Second edition).[www.InTestCom.org]
- Jayawickreme, E., Forgeard, M. J. C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2012). The Engine of Well-Being. Review of General Psychology, 16(4), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027990
- Jovanović, V., & Gavrilov-Jerković, V. (2013). Dimensionality and validity of the Serbian version of the Life Orientation Test-Revised in a sample of youths. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 771-782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9354-2
- Judd, C. M., Kenny, D. A., & McClelland, G. H. (2001). Estimating and testing mediation and moderation in within-subject designs. Psychological Methods, 6(2), 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.6.2.115
- Kashdan, T. B., Biswas-Diener, R., & King, L. A. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: The costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(4), 219-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760802303044
- Kim, E. S., Smith, J., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2014). Prospective study of the association between dispositional optimism and incident heart failure. Circulation Heart Failure, 7(3), 394-400. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000644
- Kimhi, S., Eshel, Y., Marciano, H., & Adini, B. (2020). A Renewed Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study of Distress, Resilience, and Subjective Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7743. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217743
- Laranjeira, C. A. (2008). Portuguese translation and validation of the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Universitas Psychologica, 7(2), 469-476.
- Lyrakos, G. N., Damigos, D., Mavreas, V., Georgia, K., & Dimoliatis, I. D. (2010). A translation and validation study of the Life Orientation Test Revised in the Greek speaking population of nurses among three hospitals in Athens and Ioannina. Social Indicators Research, 95(1), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9453-6
- Martela, F., & Sheldon, K. M. (2019). Clarifying the concept of well-being: Psychological need satisfaction as the common core connecting eudaimonic and subjective well-being. Review of General Psychology, 23(4), 458-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/1089268019880886
- Otero, J. M., Luengo, A., Romero, E. Gómez, J. A., & Castro, C. (1998). Psicología de la personalidad. Manual de prácticas. Barcelona: Ariel Practicum.
- Pacheco, B., & Kamble, S. V. (2016). Role of optimism in the well-being of undergraduate students in Goa. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 7(4), 419-422.
- Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510-512. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2008017
- Pezirkianidis, C., Stalikas, A., Lakioti, A., & Yotsidi, V. (2021). Validating a multidimensional measure of wellbeing in greece: Translation, factor structure, and measurement invariance of the perma profiler. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 40(6), 3030-3047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00236-7
- Prati, G., & Mancini, A. D. (2021). The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns: a review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies and natural experiments. Psychological Medicine, 51(2), 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000015
- Real Decreto 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, por el que se declara el estado de alarma para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19. Publicado en: «BOE» núm. 67, de 14 de marzo de 2020, páginas 25390 a 25400 (11 págs.). https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2020/03/14/463
- Recchi, E., Ferragina, E., Helmeid, E., Pauly, S., Safi, M., Sauger, N., & Schradie, J. (2020). The "Eye of the Hurricane" Paradox: An Unexpected and Unequal Rise of Well-Being During the Covid-19 Lockdown in France. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 68, 100508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100508
- Roat, M. B., Cerentini, J. P., & Simon, C. H. (2014). Optimism, self-esteem and personality: adaptation and validation of the Brazilian Version Of The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Psico-USF, 19(3), 523-531. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-827120140190030
- Ryan, J., Curtis, R., Olds, T., Edney, S., Vandelanotte, C., Plotnikoff, R., & Maher, C. (2019). Psychometric properties of the PERMA Profiler for measuring wellbeing in Australian adults. PloS One, 14(12), e0225932. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225932
- Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
- Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719.
- Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (2007). What to do about positive and negative items in studies of psychological well-being and ill-being?. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76(1), 61-62. https://doi.org/10.1159/000096369
- Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4(3), 219-247. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.4.3.219
- Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1993). On the power of positive thinking: The benefits of being optimistic. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(1), 26-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770572
- Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063-1078. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.67.6.1063
- Scheier, M. F., Weintraub, J. K., & Carver, C. S. (1986). Coping with stress: divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1257-1264. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1257
- Segerstrom, S. C., Evans, D. R., & Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A. (2011). Optimism and pessimism dimensions in the Life Orientation Test-Revised: Method and meaning. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(1), 126-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.11.007
- Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York, NY: Free Press.
- Sibley, C. G., Greaves, L. M., Satherley, N., Wilson, M. S., Overall, N. C., Lee, C., Milojev, P., Bulbulia, J., Osborne, D., Milfont, T. L., Houkamau, C. A., Duck, I. M., Vickers-Jones, R., & Barlow, F. K. (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and nationwide lockdown on trust, attitudes toward government, and well-being. The American Psychologist, 75(5), 618-630. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000662
- Sønderskov, K. M., Dinesen, P. T., Santini, Z. I., & Østergaard, S. D. (2020). The depressive state of Denmark during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 32(4), 226-228. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2020.15
- Sumi, K. (2004). The Japanese version of the revised Life Orientation Test: reliability and construct validity. Psychological Reports, 95(1), 86-88. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.1.86-88
- Sun, J., Kaufman, S. B., & Smillie, L. D. (2018). Unique Associations Between Big Five Personality Aspects and Multiple Dimensions of Well-Being. Journal of Personality, 86(2), 158-172. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12301
- Topp, C. W., Østergaard, S. D., Søndergaard, S., & Bech, P. (2015). The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(3), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585
- Trottier, C., Mageau, G., Trudel, P., & Halliwell, W. R. (2008). Validation de la version canadienne-française du Life Orientation Test-Revised [Validation of the Canadian-French version of Life Orientation Test-Revised]. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 40(4), 238-243. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013244
- Vassar, M., & Bradley, G. (2010). A reliability generalization study of coefficient alpha for the life orientation test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(4), 362-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.482016
- Vera-Villarroel, P., Córdova-Rubio, N., & Celis-Atenas, K. (2009). Evaluación del optimismo: Un análisis preliminar del Life Orientation Test versión revisada (LOT-R) en población chilena [Optimism evaluation: Preliminary analysis of the Life Orientation Test Revised Version (LOT-R) in Chilean population]. Universitas Psychologica, 8(1), 61-68.
- Wammerl, M., Jaunig, J., Mairunteregger, T., & Streit, P. (2019). The German Version of the PERMA-Profiler: Evidence for Construct and Convergent Validity of the PERMA Theory of Well-Being in German Speaking Countries. Journal of Well-Being Assessment, 3(2-3), 75-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41543-019-00021-0
- Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063
- Yıldırım, M., & Arslan, G. (2020). Exploring the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, preventive behaviours, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19. Current Psychology, 1-11. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01177-2
- Yu, Y., & Luo, J. (2018). Dispositional optimism and well-being in college students: Self-efficacy as a mediator. Social Behavior and Personality, 46(5), 783-792. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6746
- Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2021). Individual differences and changes in subjective wellbeing during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Psychologist, 76(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000702
- Zenger, M., Finck, C., Zanon, C., Jimenez, W., Singer, S., & Hinz, A. (2013). Evaluation of the Latin American version of the Life Orientation Test-Revised. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 13(3), 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1697-2600(13)70029-2