Analysis of the Internal Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Entrapment Scale in Spanish Adolescents and Emerging Adults

Bibliographic References

• AERA, APA & NCME. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. American Educational Research Association.
• Aguilar, E., Hidalgo, M., Cano, R., López, J., Campillo, M., & Hernández, J. (1995). Prospective study of hopelessness in psychotic-onset patients: Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Hopelessness Scale in this group. Annals of Psychiatry, 11(4), 121–125.
• Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480.
• Asarnow, J. R., & Ougrin, D. (2019). Suicide and self-harm: Advancing from science to preventing deaths. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(10), 1043–1045.
• Baker, J. C., Cacace, S., Cramer, R. J., Rasmussen, S., Martin, C., May, A. M., Thomsen, C., Bryan, A. O., & Bryan, C. J. (2024). Entrapment in the military context: Factor structure and associations with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 54(6), 1006–1028.
• Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1993). Manual for the beck hopelessness scale (2nd ed.). Psychological Corporation.
• Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. J. (1974). The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scales. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 861–865.
• Borges, G., Nock, M. K., Abad, J. M. H., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Angermeyer, M. C., Beautrais, A., Bromet, E., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., Kovess-Masfety, V., Lee, S., Levinson, D., … Kessler, R. C. (2010). Twelve-month prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(12), 21777.
• Branley-Bell, D., O’Connor, D. B., Green, J. A., Ferguson, E., O’Carroll, R. E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2019). Distinguishing suicide ideation from suicide attempts: Further test of the Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model of Suicidal Behaviour. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 117, 100–107.
• Brunner, M., Nagy, G., & Wilhelm, O. (2012). A tutorial on hierarchically structured constructs. Journal of Personality, 80, 796–846.
• Carvalho, S., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Pimentel, P., Maia, D., Gilbert, P., & Mota-Pereira, J. (2013). Entrapment and defeat perceptions in depressive symptomatology: Through an evolutionary approach. Psychiatry, 76(1), 53–67.
• Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., & Somerville, L. H. (2011). Braking and accelerating of the adolescent brain. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 21–33.
• Cha, C. B., Franz, P. J., M. Guzmán, E., Glenn, C. R., Kleiman, E. M., & Nock, M. K. (2018). Annual research review: Suicide among youth–epidemiology, (potential) etiology, and treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(4), 460–482.
• Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/Correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Erlbaum.
• Cramer, R. J., Rasmussen, S., & Tucker, R. P. (2019). An examination of the Entrapment Scale: Factor structure, correlates, and implications for suicide prevention. Psychiatry Research, 282, 112550.
• Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.
• Davidson, C. L., Anestis, M. D., & Gutierrez, P. M. (2016). Ecological momentary assessment is a neglected methodology in suicidology. Archives of Suicide Research, 21(1), 1–11.
• Davidson, C. L., & Wingate, L. R. (2011). Racial disparities in risk and protective factors for suicide. Journal of Black Psychology, 37(4), 499–516.
• De Beurs, D., Fried, E. I., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., O’Connor, D. B., Ferguson, E., O’Carroll, R. E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2019). Exploring the psychology of suicidal ideation: A theory driven network analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 120, 103419.
• Dhingra, K., Boduszek, D., & O’Connor, R. C. (2016). A structural test of the Integrated Motivational-Volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Psychiatry Research, 239, 169–178.
• Drapeau, C. W., & McIntosh, J. L. (2017). USA suicide 2016: Official final data (for the American Association of Suicidology). American Association of Suicidology. Available online: http://www.suicidology.org (accessed on 3 January 2025).
• Fernández-Pinto, I., Santamaría, P., Sánchez-Sánchez, F., Carrasco, M. A., & del Barrio, V. (2015). SENA. Sistema de evaluación de niños y adolescentes. Manual de aplicación, corrección e interpretación [SENA. Children and adolescents evaluation system. Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation]. TEA Ediciones.
• Flores, J., Caqueo-Urízar, A., & Ramírez, C. (2022). Propiedades psicométricas de las versiones de autoinforme del Sistema de Evaluación de Niños y Adolescentes (SENA) en una Muestra de Chile [Psychometric properties of the self-report versions of the Sistema de Evaluación de Niños y Adolescentes (SENA) in a Chilean sample]. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación Psicológica, 64(3), 171–183.
• Forkmann, T., & Teismann, T. (2017). Entrapment, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness as predictors of suicide ideation. Psychiatry Research, 257, 84–86.
• Forkmann, T., Teismann, T., Stenzel, J. S., Glaesmer, H., & de Beurs, D. (2018). Defeat and entrapment: More than meets the eye? Applying network analysis to estimate dimensions of highly correlated constructs. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 16.
• Galynker, I., Yaseen, Z. S., Cohen, A., Benhamou, O., Hawes, M., & Briggs, J. (2017). Prediction of suicidal behavior in high risk psychiatric patients using an assessment of acute suicidal state: The suicide crisis inventory. Depression and Anxiety, 34(2), 147–158.
• Gilbert, P. (1992). Depression: The evolution of powerlessness. Guilford Press.
• Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1998). The role of defeat and entrapment (arrested flight) in depression: An exploration of an evolutionary view. Psychological Medicine, 28(3), 585–598.
• Glenn, C. R., Kleiman, E. M., Kearns, J. C., Santee, A. C., Esposito, E. C., Conwell, Y., & Alpert-Gillis, L. J. (2022). Feasibility and acceptability of ecological momentary assessment with high-risk suicidal adolescents following acute psychiatric care. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 51(1), 32–48.
• Glenn, C. R., Kleiman, E. M., Kellerman, J., Pollak, O., Cha, C. B., Esposito, E. C., Porter, A. C., Wyman, P. A., & Boatman, A. E. (2020). Annual research review: A meta-analytic review of worldwide suicide rates in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 294–308.
• Griffiths, A. W., Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Taylor, P. J., Panagioti, M., & Tai, S. (2015). The development of the Short Defeat and Entrapment Scale (SDES). Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1182–1194.
• Gustafsson, J. E., & Åberg-Bengtsson, L. (2010). Unidimensionality and the interpretability of psychological instruments. In S. Embretson (Ed.), Measuring psychological constructs (pp. 97–121). American Psychological Association.
• Hermosillo-De la Torre, A. E., Méndez-Sánchez, C., & González-Betanzos, F. (2020). Evidence of factorial validity of the Beck Hopelessness Scale in Spanish with clinical and non-clinical samples. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 23(1), 147–160.
• Holgado-Tello, F. P., Chacón-Moscoso, S., Barbero-García, I., & Vila-Abad, E. (2010). Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Quality & Quantity, 44, 153–166.
• Holgado-Tello, F. P., Morata-Ramírez, M. Á., & Barbero-García, M. I. (2018). Confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables: A simulation study comparing the main estimation methods. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 36(3), 601–617.
• Holzinger, K. J., & Swineford, F. (1937). The bi-factor method. Psychometrika, 2, 41–54.
• Höller, I., Rath, D., Teismann, T., Glaesmer, H., Lucht, L., Paashaus, L., Schönfelder, A., Juckel, G., & Forkmann, T. (2022). Defeat, entrapment, and suicidal ideation: Twelve-month trajectories. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 52, 69–82.
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55.
• Huertes-del Arco, A., Izquierdo-Sotorrío, E., Carrasco, M. A., Caro-Cañizares, I., & Holgado-Tello, F. P. (2024). Suicidal ideation in adolescents and young adults: The role of defeat, entrapment, and depressive symptoms—From a systematic review to a tentative theoretical model. Behavioral Sciences, 14(12), 1145.
• Iliescu, D., Bartram, D., Zeinoun, P., Ziegler, M., Elosua, P., Sireci, S., Geisinger, K. F., Odendaal, A., Oliveri, M. E., Twing, J., & Camara, W. (2024). The test adaptation reporting standards (TARES): Reporting test adaptations. International Journal of Testing, 24(1), 80–102.
• International Test Commission (ITC). (2010). International test commission guidelines for translating and adapting tests. Available online: http://www.intestcom.org (accessed on 3 January 2025).
• Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: User’s reference guide. Scientific Software International.
• Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602.
• Keyes, K. M., & Platt, J. M. (2024). Annual Research Review: Sex, gender, and internalizing conditions among adolescents in the 21st century–trends, causes, consequences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 65(4), 384–407.
• Kivelä, L. M. M., Fiß, F., van der Does, W., & Antypa, N. (2024). Examination of acceptability, feasibility, and iatrogenic effects of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of suicidal ideation. Assessment, 31(6), 1292–1308.
• Kleiman, E. M., Turner, B. J., Fedor, S., Beale, E. E., Huffman, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2017). Examination of real-time fluctuations in suicidal ideation and its risk factors: Results from two ecological momentary assessment studies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(6), 726–738.
• Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2014). Differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators: A critical frontier for suicidology research. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(1), 1–5.
• Kraiss, J., Glaesmer, H., Forkmann, T., Spangenberg, L., Hallensleben, N., Schreiber, D., & Höller, I. (2024). Beyond one-size-fits-all suicide prediction: Studying idiographic associations of risk factors for suicide in a psychiatric sample using ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 178, 130–138.
• Kulemarzi, M. J. B., Moosivand, M., & Zaremohzzabieh, Z. (2024). Evaluation of the validity and reliability of the entrapment scale in Iranian adolescents and its relationship with suicidal ideation. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 33(2), 342–361.
• Littlewood, D. L., Gooding, P. A., Panagioti, M., & Kyle, S. D. (2016). Nightmares and suicide in posttraumatic stress disorder: The mediating role of defeat, entrapment, and hopelessness. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(3), 393–399.
• Lucht, L., Höller, I., Forkmann, T., Teismann, T., Schönfelder, A., Rath, D., Paashaus, L., Stengler, K., Juckel, G., & Glaesmer, H. (2020). Validation of the motivational phase of the Integrated Motivational-Volitional model of suicidal behavior in a German high-risk sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 871–879.
• Markon, K. E. (2019). Bifactor and hierarchical models: Specification, inference, and interpretation. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 15, 51–69.
• Markus, K. A., & Borsboom, D. (2024). Frontiers of test validity theory: Measurement, causation, and meaning (2nd ed.). Routledge.
• Martini, N. (2015). Adaptation of the defeat and entrapment scales (defeat and entrapment) in a Chilean population: Clinical and non-clinical groups in relation to posttraumatic stress and suicide attempt in occupational accidents [Master´s thesis, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile].
• Nock, M. K., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., McLaughlin, K. A., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2013). Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(3), 300–310.
• O’Connor, D. B., Branley-Bell, D., Green, J. A., Ferguson, E., O’Carroll, R. E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2021). Resilience and vulnerability factors influence the cortisol awakening response in individuals vulnerable to suicide. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 142, 312–320.
• O’Connor, R. C. (2011). The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 32(6), 295–298.
• O’Connor, R. C., & Kirtley, O. J. (2018). The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373(1754), 20170268.
• O’Connor, R. C., & Portzky, G. (2018). Looking to the future: A synthesis of new developments and challenges in suicide research and prevention. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2139.
• O’Connor, R. C., Smyth, R., Ferguson, E., Ryan, C., & Williams, J. M. G. (2013). Psychological processes and repeat suicidal behavior: A four-year prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(6), 1137–1143.
• Ordóñez-Carrasco, J. L., Cuadrado-Guirado, I., & Rojas-Tejada, A. J. (2021). Spanish adaptation of the defeat and entrapment scales in young adults: Psychometric properties. Terapia Psicológica, 39(1), 17–37.
• Ordóñez-Carrasco, J. L., Salgueiro, M., Sayans-Jiménez, P., Blanc-Molina, A., García-Leiva, J. M., Calandre, E. P., & Rojas-Tejada, A. J. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the 12-item Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire in fibromyalgia syndrome patients. Anales de Psicología, 34, 274.
• Owen, R., Dempsey, R., Jones, S., & Gooding, P. (2018). Defeat and entrapment in bipolar disorder: Exploring the relationship with suicidal ideation from a psychological theoretical perspective. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48(1), 116–128.
• Panagioti, M., Angelakis, I., Tarrier, N., & Gooding, P. (2017). A prospective investigation of the impact of distinct posttraumatic (PTSD) symptom clusters on suicidal ideation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 645–653.
• Panagioti, M., Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N. (2012). Hopelessness, defeat, and entrapment in posttraumatic stress disorder: Their association with suicidal behavior and severity of depression. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200(8), 676–683.
• Panagioti, M., Gooding, P., Taylor, P. J., & Tarrier, N. (2013). A model of suicidal behavior in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): The mediating role of defeat and entrapment. Psychiatry Research, 209, 55–59.
• Price, J., Sloman, L., Gardner, R., Gilbert, P., & Rohde, P. (1994). The social competition hypothesis of depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 164(3), 309–315.
• Price, J. S., & Sloman, L. (1987). Depression as yielding behavior: An animal model based on Schjelderup-Ebbe’s pecking order. Ethology & Sociobiology, 8(Suppl. S3), 85–98.
• Rasmussen, S. A., Fraser, L., Gotz, M., MacHale, S., Mackie, R., Masterton, G., McConachie, S., & O’Connor, R. C. (2010). Elaborating the cry of pain model of suicidality: Testing a psychological model in a sample of first-time and repeat self-harm patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 15–30.
• Robi, M. (2012). Internal consistency and factor structure of the Beck Hopelessness Scale in a sample of adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology with Children and Adolescents, 3(1), 15–22.
• Sánchez-Sánchez, F., Fernández-Pinto, I., Santamaría, P., Carrasco, M. A., & del Barrio, V. (2016). SENA, Child and Adolescent Assessment System: Development process and evidence of reliability and validity. Journal of Clinical Psychology with Children and Adolescents, 3(2), 23–34.
• Schulenberg, J. E., Bryant, A. L., & O’Malley, P. M. (2004). Taking hold of some kind of life: How developmental tasks relate to trajectories of well-being during the transition to adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 16(4), 1119–1140.
• Slocum-Gori, S. L., & Zumbo, B. D. (2011). Assessing the unidimensionality of psychological scales: Using multiple criteria from factor analysis. Social Indicators Research, 102(3), 443–461. Available online: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41476494 (accessed on 3 January 2025).
• Souza, K., Sosu, E. M., Thomson, S., & Rasmussen, S. (2024). A systematic review of the studies testing the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour. Health Psychology Review, 18(4), 698–722.
• Tarsafi, M., Kalantarkousheh, S. M., & Lester, D. (2021). Exploratory factor analysis of the Entrapment Scale in Iranian students. Suicide Studies, 2(2), 7–15.
• Taylor, P. J., Gooding, P., Wood, A. M., & Tarrier, N. (2011b). The role of defeat and entrapment in depression, anxiety, and suicide. Psychological Bulletin, 137(3), 391–420.
• Taylor, P. J., Wood, A. M., Gooding, P., Johnson, J., & Tarrier, N. (2009). Are defeat and entrapment best defined as a single construct? Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 795–797.
• Taylor, P. J., Wood, A. M., Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N. (2011a). Prospective predictors of suicidality: Defeat and entrapment lead to changes in suicidal ideation over time. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 41, 297–306.
• Thompson, M. P., & Swartout, K. (2018). Epidemiology of suicide attempts among youth transitioning to adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(4), 807–817.
• Tovar, J. M. (2011). Psychometric analysis of the Beck Hopelessness Scale in a university population. Psicología y Salud, 21(2), 235–243.
• Trachsel, M., Krieger, T., Gilbert, P., & Grosse Holtforth, M. (2010). Testing a German adaptation of the entrapment scale and assessing the relation to depression. Depression Research and Treatment, 2010, 501782.
• Tucker, R. P., Crowley, K. J., Davidson, C. L., & Gutierrez, P. M. (2015). Risk factors, warning signs, and drivers of suicide: What are they, how do they differ, and why does it matter? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(6), 679–689.
• Van Eijk, N. L., Wetherall, K., Ferguson, E., O’Connor, D. B., & O’Connor, R. C. (2023). A latent class analysis using the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour: Understanding suicide risk over 36 months. Journal of Affective Disorders, 336, 9–14.
• Van Orden, K. A., Cukrowicz, K. C., Witte, T. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2012). Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness: Construct validity and psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 197–215.
• Ventura-León, J. L., & Caycho-Rodríguez, T. (2017). The omega coefficient: An alternative method for estimating reliability. Latin American Journal of Social Sciences, Children and Youth, 15(1), 625–627.
• Viñas-Poch, F., Villar, E., Caparrós, B., Juan, J., Cornella, M., & Pérez, I. (2004). Feelings of hopelessness in a Spanish university population: Descriptive analysis and its relationship to adapting to university, depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39(4), 326–334.
• Williams, J. M. G. (1997). Cry of pain: Understanding suicide and self-harm. Penguin.
• Williams, J. M. G. (2001). Suicide and attempted suicide: Understanding the cry of pain. Penguin.
• Williams, J. M. G., & Pollock, L. R. (2000). The pschology of suicidal behaviour. In The International handbook of suicide and attempted suicide (pp. 79–93). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• Willner, P., & Goldstein, R. C. (2001). Mediation of depression by perceptions of defeat and entrapment in high-stress mothers. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74(4), 473–485.
• Wolford-Clevenger, C., Frantell, K., Smith, P. N., Flores, L. Y., & Stuart, G. L. (2018). Correlates of suicide ideation and behaviors among transgender people: A systematic review guided by ideation-to-action theory. Clinical Psychology Review, 63, 93–105.
• Yöyen, E., & Keleş, M. (2024). First- and second-generation psychological theories of suicidal behaviour. Behavioral Sciences, 14(8), 710.
• Zumbo, B. D., & Rupp, A. A. (2004). Responsible modelling of measurement data for appropriate inferences: Important advances in reliability and validity theory. In D. Kaplan (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences (pp. 73–92). Sage Press.