Indicadores de trata de personas en mujeres que ejercen la prostitución en locales de alterne de la Comunidad de Madrid (España)
- Eva A. Silva 1
- Antonio L. Manzanero 2
- GARAZI BENGOA 3
- MARÍA JOSÉ CONTRERAS 4
- 1 Guardia Civil, España
- 2 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, España
- 3 Instituto de Ciencias Forenses de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, España
- 4 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), España
ISSN: 1578-908X
Año de publicación: 2018
Volumen: 15
Número: 1
Páginas: 1-16
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: Acción psicológica
Resumen
The objective of the present study was to carry out a study on the situation of women practicing prostitution in the community of Madrid (Spain), within the specific context of strip clubs and the possibility of them being victims of human trafficking networks. A total of 180 interviews were conducted on women practicing prostitution in strip clubs across the periphery of Madrid. The results analyzed show that, on average, women who engage in prostitution are 32.57 years of age; from Latin America, Europe or, from Africa (less frequently); and have generally undertaken some type of study/course. Around 80.5% of these women reported having a family, indicating that approximately 68% had between 1 and 4 children. Moreover, the present study analyzed the questions answered or avoided by these women, concluding that most of them omit relevant information regarding questions about trafficking and exploitation indicators. This finding leads to the suspicion that these women could be instructed / taught not to facilitate sensitive information, thus blocking the possibilities of help. A relationship of dependence between the testimony’s credibility estimation and the possibility of being a victim of human trafficking was found. A 94.4% of women whose testimony was believed to be credible were not considered to be victims of human trafficking; 72.8% of those estimated as non-credible were considered to be victims of human trafficking. The possibility of the interviewees being victims of human trafficking, according to interviewers, depended on their social isolation, fear or concern shown throughout the interview, their lack of collaboration, and their avoidance of certain relevant issues or being susceptible. Overall, the present study alerts about the situation of vulnerability of the interviewed women.
Referencias bibliográficas
- Abas, M., Ostrovschi, N. V., Prince, M., Gorceag, V. I., Trigub, C. y Oram, S. (2013). Risk Factors for Mental Disorders in Women Survivors of Human Trafficking: A Historical Cohort Study. BMC Psychiatry, 13(204), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-204
- Baarda, C. S. (2016). Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation from Nigeria into Western Europe: The role of voodoo Rituals in the Functioning of a Criminal Network. European Journal of Criminology, 13(2), 257-273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370815617188
- Baker, L. M., Dalla, R. L. y Williamson, C. (2010). Exiting Prostitution: An Integrated Model. Violence Against Women, 16(5), 579-600. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801210367643
- Brents, B. G. (2016). Neoliberalism’s market morality and heteroflexibility: Protectionist and free market discourses in debates for legal prostitution. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 13(4), 402-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-016-0250-0
- Callejo, J. (2002). Observación, Entrevista y Grupo de Discusión: el Silencio de tres prácticas de investigación [Observation, Interview and Discussion Group: The Silence of Three Research Practices]. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 76, 409-422. Recuperado de http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1135-57272002000500004
- Cecchet, S. J. y Thoburn, J. (2014). The psychological experience of child and adolescent sex trafficking in the United States: Trauma and resilience in survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(5), 482-493. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035763
- Farley, M. (2005). Prostitution Harms Women even if Indoors: Reply to Weitzer. Violence Against Women, 11(7), 950-964. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205276987
- Farley, M., Cotton, A., Lynne, J., Zumbeck, S., Spiwak, F., Reyes, M. E y Sezgin, U. (2004). Prostitution and Trafficking in Nine Countries: An Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Trauma Practice, 2(3-4), 33-74. https://doi.org/10.1300/J189v02n03_03.
- Guardia Civil (2015). Informe Criminológico 2/2015. La Trata de Seres Humanos y conductas afines en España [Human Trafficking and Related Behaviours in Spain]. Madrid, España: Ministerio del Interior.
- Hounmenou, C. (2016). Exploring Child Prostitution in a major city in the West African region. Child Abuse & Neglect, 59, 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.07.003
- Lerum, K. y Brents, B. G. (2016). Sociological Perspectives on Sex Work and Human Trafficking. Sociological Perspectives, 59(1), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121416628550
- Lindholm, J., Cederborg, A. C. y Alm, C. (2015). Adolescent Girls Exploited in the Sex Trade: Informativeness and Evasiveness in Investigative interviews. Police Practice and Research, 16(3), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2014.880839
- Marcus, A., Horning, A., Curtis, R., Sanson, J. y Thompson, E. (2014). Conflict and Agency among Sex Workers and Pimps: A Closer Look at Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653(1), 225-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716214521993
- Ministerio del Interior (2010). Instrucción 1/2010 de la Secretaría de Estado de Seguridad sobre aplicación transitoria, a las víctimas de la trata de seres humanos, del artículo 59.bis de la Ley Orgánica 4/2000, de 11 de enero [Instruction 1/2010 of the Secretary of State for Security on the Transitional Application to Victims of Human Trafficking, of Article 59.bis of Organic Law 4/2000, of 11th January] Madrid, España: Ministerio del Interior.
- Morselli, C. y Savoie-Gargiso, I. (2014). Coercion, control, and cooperation in a prostitution ring. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653(1), 247-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716214521995
- Naciones Unidas (2004). Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la delincuencia organizada transnacional y sus protocolos. Recuperado de http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-s.pdf
- Raphael, J. y Shapiro, D. L. (2004). Violence in Indoor and Outdoor Prostitution Venues. Violence Against Women, 10(2), 126-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801203260529
- Red Española Contra la Trata de Personas (2010). La trata de personas en el mundo y en España [Human Trafficking Worldwide and in Spain]. Recuperado de http://areadesociales.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10886535/panorama.pdf.
- Verhoeven, M. (2016). Sex Work Realities versus Government Policies: Meanings of Anti-Trafficking Initiatives for Sex Workers in the Netherlands. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 1-10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-016-0264-7
- Weitzer, R. (2005a). New Directions in Research on Prostitution. Crime, Law and Social Change, 43(4-5), 211-235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-005-1735-6
- Weitzer, R. (2005b). Flawed Theory and Method in Studies of Prostitution. Violence Against Women, 11(7), 934-949. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205276986.
- Weitzer, R. (2010). The mythology of prostitution: Advocacy research and public policy. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 7(1), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-010-0002-5
- Weitzer, R. (2015). Researching prostitution and sex trafficking comparatively. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 12(2), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-014-0168-3