Socialización parental en españa a lo largo del ciclo vital

Resumo

Parents have an important responsibility: The socialization of their children. Traditionally, numerous studies have examined parent-child relationships in two theoretically orthogonal major dimensions identified as warmth and strictness. From these theoretically orthogonal dimensions, warmth and strictness, four parenting styles are derived: Authoritative (warmth and strictness), authoritarian (strictness without warmth), indulgent (warmth without strictness), and neglectful (neither warmth nor strictness). There is currently a debate about the optimal parenting style. The available empirical evidence does not support the idea of the authoritative style as an optimal parental strategy that is always associated with positive developmental outcomes in children and adolescents of all ethnicities, backgrounds, and cultural contexts. Additionally, little is known about the consequences of parental socialization beyond adolescence. Present doctoral dissertation includes three high-quality empirical studies, all of them published in Q1 JCR journals. Study 1 examined the orthogonality underlying the measures of the dimensions of warmth and strictness as well as the factor invariance of the measures of the dimensions of warmth and strictness across age and sex. Additionally, it was analyzed the relationships between the four parenting styles (i.e., authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, or neglectful) and short- and long-term socialization outcomes in adolescents and older adults. Study 2 examined the impact of long-term parental socialization (i.e., indulgent, authoritative, authoritarian, and neglectful) on the competence and adjustment of young adults with and without antisocial tendencies during adolescence. Study 3 examined the correlates of authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful parenting styles with short- and long-term socialization outcomes in adolescents and adults (young, middle-aged, and older adults), with and without poor school performance during adolescence. Findings of the Study 1 revealed that parental measures of warmth and strictness were invariant across age and sex as well as it was confirmed the orthogonality underlying the measures of the two main parental dimensions. Additionally, findings from Study 1, Study 2, and Study 3 showed that the impact (positive or negative) of the parental socialization style shared the same pattern not only in adolescence but also in adult life. Adolescent children and adult children raised in indulgent families (warmth without strictness) show equal or even better outcomes on several indicators of competence and adjustment compared to their peers in authoritative families. On the opposite side, adolescent and adult children raised by authoritarian parents (strictness without warmth) and neglectful parents (neither warmth nor strictness) show low scores on the different criteria examined.