A reassessment of Patrick Hamilton's inter-war novelsnarrative techniques, social realism, trauma

Resumen

Revisión de las Novelas del Periodo de Entreguerras de Patrick Hamilton: Técnicas narrativas, Realismo Social y Trauma Esta tesis examina las novelas de ficción del periodo de entreguerras escritas por el británico de clase media-alta Patrick (Anthony Walther) Hamilton (1904-1962). El principal objetivo de este proyecto es revivir la figura de Patrick Hamilton como distinguido y excelente escritor del periodo de entreguerras cuya obra ha sido, de manera injustificada, excluida del catálogo de literatura británica del siglo XX. Las novelas del periodo de entreguerras de este autor son analizadas como ejemplos tempranos del realismo social británico. Siguiendo las principales propiedades de este género, esta tesis trata de mostrar que estas novelas del periodo de entreguerras de Patrick Hamilton son claros ejemplos de un temprano realismo social y, a su vez, un minucioso estudio de los principales problemas sociales del momento, tal y como aparecen reflejados en el mundo ficticio creado por el autor. Ya que este estudio requiere de un enfoque interdisciplinar, este depende en su totalidad de una variedad de análisis críticos y teóricos realizados por expertos en el ámbito de los estudios sociales, culturales y sobre el trauma, así como en el de la narratología. La introducción de la tesis consta de tres partes: el autor en el contexto del periodo de entreguerras; la recepción de su obra por parte del público y de la crítica; y la hipótesis de trabajo, objetivos, metodología, así como el trasfondo teórico de su obra. El cuerpo principal de este estudio está subdividido en cuatro partes. El primer capítulo explora la infancia y los primeros años de la adolescencia de Patrick Hamilton analizando el contexto temático, estilístico y formal de sus novelas del periodo entreguerras. Esta parte de la tesis sirve a su vez de prefacio para el posterior análisis crítico de los textos. Los tres capítulos siguientes están dedicados al análisis de sus trabajos de ficción del periodo de entreguerras – Craven House (1926); Twenty Thousand Streets Under the Sky (1935); Hangover Square (1941) –, de manera que cada capítulo estudia uno de ellos. Además, cada capítulo está dividido en tres secciones. La primera parte de cada capítulo sirve como introducción a la novela, y en ella se analiza el contexto biográfico de la misma así como sus principales características formales. La segunda parte de cada capítulo se centra en el marco narrativo de la novela y, en concreto, en sus cambios de perspectiva e interacciones, en sus funciones y en la construcción del significado textual – tal y como señala la teoría del realismo social. La tercera parte, y principal, explora los problemas sociales tal y como muestran los respectivos textos narrativos. Se pone aquí el foco en las dos clases sociales representadas en las novelas: la clase trabajadora y la clase media, privada de derechos. Basándose en la variedad de fuentes sociales, culturales e históricas, esta parte de cada capítulo estudia la situación doméstica de ambas clases – tal y como se muestra en los textos – y las actitudes sociales, culturales y políticas que van asociadas a las mismas. Al mismo tiempo, el análisis examina tanto el significado simbólico como el metafórico de los textos. Además de esto, y teniendo en cuenta que la representación del trauma es también uno de los principales rasgos del realismo social, buena parte de cada capítulo será, por tanto, la presentación de experiencias traumáticas. Basándose en una amplia variedad de textos provenientes del campo de estudio del trauma, esta parte de cada capítulo analiza a su vez los diversos traumas individuales y colectivos que las novelas describen, y muestra que las obras de Hamilton tienen como marco sociedades profundamente traumatizadas. Se concluye que la infancia y adolescencia temprana de Patick Hamilton juegan un papel vital en el desarrollo del enfoque formal, estilístico y temático de sus novelas del periodo de entreguerras. Entre los aspectos de la niñez de Hamilton que son claramente visibles en sus novelas encontramos sus propias experiencias traumáticas, sus tempranas dotes para recoger y clasificar diferentes discursos y componer a partir de los mismos distintas perspectivas narrativas, sus experiencias en distintos internados, su curiosidad intelectual, su estancia en varias pensiones durante la guerra, su precoz sublevación contra la literatura convencional o contra el esnobismo de sus padres. Además, puede concluirse que el realismo social británico no surgió en la década de 1950, tal y como algunos críticos han afirmado, sino en el periodo de entreguerras, como la expresión de un desencanto general, fruto del impacto social y emocional de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Este hecho ocupa un lugar predominante en el marco narrativo de las novelas, utilizado para dar voz a las clases vencidas, de las cuales no se había ocupado previamente la literatura británica, y por consiguiente, proporcionar al lector una visión panorámica del conjunto de los problemas sociales del periodo de entreguerras. Adicionalmente, y de acuerdo con las principales características del realismo social, los problemas sociales, culturales, económicos y psicológicos del mundo creado por Hamilton son representativos de la decadencia o de la disforia social, que como se ha explicado anteriormente, son resultado de las secuelas producidas por la Primera Guerra Mundial. Los principales rasgos que demuestran estos problemas son recapitulados cronológicamente – tal y como aparecen en las novelas. Por todo lo dicho, mi análisis de la obra de ficción de Hamilton puede ser usado como marco interpretativo para el estudio de otros autores de la década de 1930. 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