Tratamientos psicológicos eficaces para el trastorno obsesivo compulsivo

  1. Vallejo Pareja, Miguel Ángel
Revista:
Psicothema

ISSN: 0214-9915

Año de publicación: 2001

Volumen: 13

Número: 3

Páginas: 419-427

Tipo: Artículo

Otras publicaciones en: Psicothema

Resumen

El trastorno obsesivo compulsivo (TOC) es uno de los trastornos de ansiedad de más difícil tratamiento. Desde sus inicios el estudio empírico de la eficacia de los tratamientos para el TOC se ha centrado en los procedimientos de exposición. La exposición con prevención de respuesta (EPR) ha demostrado ampliamente ser el tratamiento psicológico de elección para el TOC. Al igual que el tratamiento farmacológico han de ser considerados tratamientos bien establecidos. Las variaciones de la EPR, incluyendo la combinación con técnicas cognitivas y farmacológicas, no han demostrado aún su superioridad sobre la EPR. Finalmente, se consideran en términos de eficiencia la EPR y el tratamiento farmacológico y las perspectivas en la mejora de dicha eficiencia

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Abramowitz, J.S. (1998). Does cognitive-behavioral therapy cure obsessive-compulsive disorder? A meta-analytic evaluation of clinical significance. Behavior Therapy, 29, 339-355.
  • Abramowitz, J.S., Franklin, M.E., Street, G.P., Kozak, M.J. y Foa (2000). Effects of pretreatment depression on treatment outcome in OCD. Behavior Therapy, en prensa.
  • Ananth, J., Pecknold, J.C., van der Steen, N. y Engelsmann, F. (1981). Double blind comparative study of clomipramina and amitriptiline in obsessive neurosis. Progressive Neuropsychopharmacology, 5, 257-262.
  • Aubuchon, P.G. y Malatesta, V.J. (1994). Obsessive compulsive patients with comorbid personality disorder: associated problems and response to a comprehensive behavior therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 448-453.
  • Bachofen, M., Nakagawa, A., Marks, I.M., Park, J.M., Greist; J.H., Baer, L., Wenzel, K.W., Parkin, J.R. y Dottl, S.L. (1999). Home self-assessment and self-treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder using a manual and a computer-conduced telephone interview: replication of a UK-US study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 545-549.
  • Baer, L., Jenike, M.A., Black, D.W., Treece, C., Rosenfeld, R. y Greist, J. (1992). Effect of axis II diagnoses on treatment outcome with clomipramine in 55 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 862-866.
  • Barr, L.C., Goodman, W.K., Price, L.H., McDougle, C.J. y Charney, D.S. (1992). The serotonin hypothesis of obsessive compulsive disorder: Implications of pharmacologic challenge studies. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53(Suppl. 4), 17-28.
  • Beck, A. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. Nueva York: International Universities Press.
  • Beech, H.R. y Vaughn, M. (1978). Behavioral treatment of obsessional states. Nueva York: Wiley.
  • Boersma, K., Den Hengst, S., Dekker, J. y Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (1976). Exposure and response prevention: A comparison with obsessive compulsive patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14, 19-24.
  • Bolton, D., Raven, P., Madronal-Luque, R. y Marks, I.M. (2000). Neurological and neuropsychological signs in obsessive compulsive disorder: interaction with behavioural treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 695-708.
  • Calvocoressi, L., Lewis, B., Harris, M., Trufan, S., Goodman, W., McDougle, C. y Proce, L. (1995). Family accommodations in obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 441-443.
  • Clark, D. y Purdon, C. (1993). New perspectives for a cognitive theory of depression. Australian Psychologist, 28, 161-167.
  • Clomipramine Collaborative Group (1991). Clomipramine in the treatment of patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 730-738.
  • Coryel, W. (1981). Obsessive-compulsive disorder and primary unipolar depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 169, 220-224.
  • Cottraux, J. (2000). Cognitive therapy and behavioural therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: in search of the process. En M. Maj, N. Sartorius, A. Okasha y J. Zohar (eds.), Obsessive-compulsive disorder (pp. 129-131). Nueva York: Wiley.
  • Cottraux, J., Mollard, E., Bouvard, M., Marks, I., Sluys, M., Nury, A.M., Douge, R. y Cialdella, P. (1990). A controlled study of fluvoxamine and exposure in obsessive compulsive-disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5, 17-30.
  • Cottraux, J., Mollard, E., Bouvard, M. y Marks, I. (1993). Exposure therapy, flovoxamine, or combination treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: one year follow up. Psychiatry Research, 49, 63-75.
  • de Araujo, L.A., Ito, L.M., Marks, I.M. y Deale, A. (1995). Does imagined exposure to the consequences of not ritualizing enhance live exposure for OCD? A controlled study. I. Main outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 65-70.
  • Den Boer, J .A., Westenberg, H.G.M., Kamerbeek, W., Verhoeven, W.M. y Kahn, R.S. (1987). Effect of serotonin uptake inhibitors in anxiety disorders: A double-blind comparison of c lomipramine and fluvoxamine. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2, 21-32.
  • Dollar, J. y Miller, N.E. (1950). Personality and psychotherapy: An analysis in terms of learning, thinking and culture. Nueva York: McGrawHill.
  • Emmelkamp, P.M.G. y Beens, H. (1991). Cognitive therapy with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comparative evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 293-300.
  • Emmelkamp, P.M.G., de Haan, E. y Hooggduin, C.A.L. (1990). Marital adjustment and obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 55-60.
  • Emmelkamp, P.M.G., van der Helm, M., van Zanten, B.L. y Plochg, I. (1980). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive patients: The contribution of self-instructions training to the effectiveness of exposure. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 61-66.
  • Emmelkamp, P.M.G., Visser, S. y Hoekstra, R.J. (1988). Cognitive therapy versus exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsives. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12, 103-114.
  • Fals-Stewart, W. y Lucente, S. (1993). An MCMI cluster typology of obsessive-compulsives: a measure of personality characteristics and its relationship to treatment participation, compliance and outcome in behavior therapy. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 27, 139-154.
  • Fals-Stewart, W., Marks, A.P. y Schafer, J. (1993). A comparison of behavioral group therapy and individual behavior therapy in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 189-193.
  • Fernández-Córdoba, E. y López-Ibor Aliño, J. (1967). Monochlorimipramina in mental patients resisting other forms of treatment. Actas LusoEspañolas de Neurología y Psiquiatría, 26, 119-147.
  • Foa, E.B. y Goldstein, A. (1978). Continuous exposure and complete response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Behavior Therapy, 9, 821-829.
  • Foa, E.B., Grayson, J.B., Steketee, G.S., Doppelt, H.G., Turner, R.M. y Latimer, P.R. (1983). Success and failure in the behavioral treatment of obsessive-compulsive. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 287-297.
  • Foa, E.B., Kozak, M.J., Goodman. W.K., Hollander, E., Jenike, M. y Ramussen, S. (1995). DSM-IV field trial: Obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 90-94.
  • Foa, E.B. y Steketee, G.S. (1979). Obsessive-compulsives: Conceptual issues and treatment interventions. En M. Hersen, R.M. Eisler y P.M. Miller (eds.), Progress in behavior modification. Vol. 8. Nueva York: Academic Press.
  • Foa, E.B., Steketee, G.S. y Grayson, J.B. (1985). Imaginal and in vivo exposure: A comparison with obsessive-compulsive checkers. Behavior Therapy, 16, 292-302.
  • Foa, E.B., Steketee, G., Grayson, J.B., Turner, R.M. y Latimer, P. (1984). Deliberate exposure and blocking of obsessive-compulsive rituals: Immediate and long term effects. Behavior Therapy, 15, 450-472.
  • Foa, E.B., Steketee, G.S. y McCarthy, P.R. (1992). Treatment of depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in OCD by imipramine and behavior therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 279-292.
  • Franklin, M.E., Abramowitz, J.S., Kozak, M.J., Levitt, J. y Foa, E.B. (2000). Effectiveness of exposure and ritual prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: randomized compared with nonrandomized samples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 594-602.
  • Freeman, C.P.L., Trimble, M.R., Deakin, J.F., Stokes, T.M. y Ashford, J .J. (1994). Fluvoxamine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group comparison. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 55, 301-305.
  • Greist, J.H. (1989). Computer-administered behavior therapies. International Review of Psychiatry, 1, 267-294.
  • Greist, J.H, Chouinard, G., DuBoff, E., Halaris, A., Kim, S.W., Koran, L., Liebowitz, M., Lydiard, R.B., Rasmussen, S. y White, K. (1995a). Double-blind comparison of three doses of sertraline and placebo in the treatment of outpatients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 289-295.
  • Greist, J.H., Jefferson, J.W., Kobak, K.A., Katzelnick, D.J., y Serlin, R.C. (1995b). Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A metaanalysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 53-60.
  • Greist, J.H., Jefferson, J.W., Rosenfeld, R., Gutzman, L.D., March, J.S. y Barklage, N.E. (1990). Clomipramine and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A placebo-controlled double-blind study of 32 patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 292-297.
  • Greist, J.H., Marks, I.M., Baer, L., Parkin, R., Manzo, P., Mantle, J.M., Wenzel, K.W., Spierings, C.J., Koback, K.A. y Dottl, S.L. (1998). Selftreatment for obsessive compulsive disorder using a manual and a computerized telephone interview: a US-UK study. MD Computing, 15, 149-157.
  • Hanna, G.L. (1995). Demographics and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 19-27.
  • Hoogduin, C.A.L. y Duivenvoorden, H.J. (1988). A decision model in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 516-521.
  • Jenike, M.A., Baer, L., Ballantine, T., Martuza, R., Tynes, S., Girivnas, I., Buttolph, M. y Cassen, N. (1991). Cingulotomy for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 548-555.
  • Jenike, M.A., Baer, L. y Carey, R.J. (1986). Coexistence obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizotypical personality disorder: a poor prognostic indicator. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 296.
  • Jenike, M.A., Hyman, S.E., Baer, L., Holland, S., Baer, L., Holland, A., Minichiello, W.E., Buttolph, L., Summergrad, P., Seymour, R. y Ricciardi, J. (1990). A controlled trial of fluvoxamine for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Implications for a serotoninergic theory. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1209-1215.
  • Karno, M. y Golding, J.M. (1991). Obsessive-compulsive disorders. En L.N. Robins y D.A. Regier (eds.), Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiological Catchment Area Study (pp. 204-219). Nueva York: The Free Press.
  • Keijsers, G.P., Hoogduin, C.A., Schaap, C.P. (1994). Predictors of treatment outcome in the behavioural treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 781-786.
  • Kirk, J.W. (1983). Behavioural treatment of obsessive compulsive patients in routine clinical practice. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 57-62.
  • Kobak, K.A. y Riemann, B.C. (2000). Current issues in the use of behavioural therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. En M. Maj, N. Sartorius, A. Okasha y J. Zohar (eds.), Obsessive-compulsive disorder (pp. 134-136). Nueva York: Wiley.
  • Kozak, M.J., Liebowitz, M.R. y Foa, E.B. (2000). Cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy for OCD: The NIMH-sponsored collaborative study. En W. Goodman, M. Rudorfer y J. Maser (eds.), Obsessive compulsive disorder: Contemporary issues in treatment (pp. 501-530). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
  • Ladouceur, R., Freeston, M. Gagnon, F., Thibodeau, N. y Dumont, J. (1995). Cognitive behavioral treatment of obsessions and ruminations. Behavior Modification, 19, 247-257.
  • Lax, T., Basoglu, M. y Marks, I.M. (1992). Expectancy and compliance as predictors of outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavior Psychotherapy, 20, 257-266.
  • Lei, B.S. (1986). A cross-over treatment of obsessive compulsive neurosis with imipramine and chlorimipramine. Chung Hua Shen Ching Ko Tsa Chih, 19, 275-278.
  • Lindsay, M., Crino, R.y Andrews, G. (1997). Controlled trial of exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 135-139.
  • Marks, I., Hodgson, R. y Rachman, S. (1975). Treatment of chronic obsessive-compulsive neurosis by in vivo exposure. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 349-364.
  • Marks, I.M., Stern, R.S., Mawson, D., Cobb, J. y McDonald, R. (1980). Clomipramina and exposure for obsessive-compulsive rituals -I. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1-25.
  • Mavissakalian, M., Hamann, M.S. y Jones, B. (1990). DSM-III personality disorders in obsessive-compulsive disorder: changes with treatment. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31, 432-437.
  • Mavissakalian, M., Turner, S.M., Michelson, L. y Jacob, R. (1985). Tricyclic antidepressant in obsessive compulsive disorder: Antiobsessional or antidepressant agents? American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 572-576.
  • Mehta, M. (1990). A comparative study of family-based and patients-based behavioural management in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 133-135.
  • Meyer, V. (1966). Modifications of expectations in cases with obsessional rituals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4, 273-280.
  • Minichiello, W.E., Baer, L. y Jenike, M.A. (1987). Schizotypical personality disorder: a poor prognostic indicator for behavior therapy in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1, 273-276.
  • Mowrer, O.H. (1939). A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent. Psychological Review, 46, 553-565.
  • Mowrer, O.H. (1960). Learning theory and behavior. Nueva York: Wiley.
  • Myers, J.K., Weisman, M.M., Tischler, G.L., Leaf, P.J., Orvaschel, H., Anthony, J.C. y Boyd, J.H. (1984). Six month prevalence of psychiatric disorders in three sites. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 959-971.
  • Neziroglu, F., Anemone, R., Yaryura-Tobias, J.A. (1992). Onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 947-950.
  • O’Connor y Robillard, S. (1995). Inference processes in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Some clinical observations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 887-896.
  • Pigot, T.A., Pato, M.T., Bernstein, S.E., Grover, G.N., Hill, J.L., Tolliver, T.J. y Murphy, D.L. (1990). Controlled comparisons of clomipramine and fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 926-932.
  • Rabavilas, A.D., Boulougouris, J.C. y Stefanis, C. (1976). Duration of flooding sessions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14, 349-355.
  • Rachman, S. (1998). A cognitive theory of obsessions: elaborations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 385-401.
  • Rachman, S., Cobb, J., Grey, S., McDonald, B., Mawson, D., Sartory, G. y Stern, R. (1979). The behavioural treatment of obsessional-compulsive disorders, with and without clomiparamine. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 467-478.
  • Rachman, S. y de Silva, P. (1978). Abnormal and normal obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 233-248.
  • Rasmussen, S.A. y Eisen, J.L. (1989). Clinical features and fenomenology of obsessive compulsive disorders. Psychiatric Annals, 19, 67-73.
  • Rasmussen, S.A. y Eisen, J.L. (1990). Epidemiological and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder. En M.A. Jenike, L. Baer y W.E. Minilchiello (eds.), Obsessive-compulsive disorders: theory and management (pp. 10-27). Chicago: Year Book.
  • Rasmussen, S., Eisen, J.L. y Pato, M. (1993). Current issues in the pharmacologic management of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 54 (Suppl. 6), 4-9.
  • Rasmussen, S. y Tsuang, M. (1986). Clinical characteristics and family history in DSM-III obsessive -compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 317-322.
  • Rauch, S.L. y Jenike, M.A. (1994). Management of treatment obsessive- compulsive disorder: concepts and strategies. En B. Berend, E. Hollander, D. Marazitti y J. Zohar (eds.), Current insights in obsessive-compulsive disorder (pp. 227-244). Chichester: Wiley.
  • Rauch, S.L. y Jenike, M.A. (1998). Pharmacological treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. En P.E. Nathan y J.M. Gorman (eds.), A guide to treatments that work (pp. 358-376). Nueva York: Oxford Press.
  • Robins, L.N., Helzer, J.E., Weisman, M.M., Orvaschel, H., Gruenberg, E., Burke, J .D. y Reiger, D.A. (1984). Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 949-959.
  • Roper, G., Rachman, S. y Marks, I. (1975). Passive and participant modeling in exposure treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurotics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 13, 271-279.
  • Salkovskis, P.M. (1985). Obsessional and compulsive problems: A cognitive behavioral analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 571- 583.
  • Salkovskis, P.M. (1989). Cognitive-behavioral factors and the persistence of intrusive thoughts in obsessional problems. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 677-682.
  • Salkovskis, P.M. (1999). Understanding and treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, S29-S52.
  • Salkovskis, P.M. y Harrison, J. (1984). Abnormal and normal obsessions: A replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 549-552.
  • Silvestre, J. y Aronowitz, B.R. (1997). Behavioral treatment of OCD. En E. Hollander y D.J. Stein (eds.), Obsessive-compulsive disorders (pp. 225-255). Nueva York: Marcel Dekker.
  • Steketee, G. y Foa, E.B. (1985). Obsessive-compulsive disorder. En D.H. Barlow (ed.), Psychological treatment of adult disorders: A clinical guide (pp. 68-142). Nueva York: Guilford Press.
  • Steketee, G.S. Frost, R.O. (1998). Obsessive-compulsive disorder. En A.S. Bellack y M. Hersen (eds.), Comprehensive Clinical Psychology. Vol. 6 (pp. 367-398). Amsterdam: Pergamon.
  • Steketee, G. y Shapiro, L. (1993). Obsessive compulsive disorder. En A.S. Bellack y M. Hersen (eds.), Handbook of behavior therapy in psychiatric setting (pp. 99-127). Nueva York: Plenum.
  • Steketee, G. y Shapiro, L.J. (1995). Predicting behavioral treatment outcome for agoraphobia and obsessive compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 317-346.
  • Stern, R.S. (1978). Obsessive thoughts: the problem of therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 200-205.
  • Tallis, F., Pratt, P. y Jamani, N. (1999). Obsessive compulsive disorder, checking, and non-verbal memory: a neuropsychological investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 161-166.
  • Thoren, P., Asberg, M., Cronholm, B., Jornestedt, L. y Traskman, L. (1980). Clomipramina treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. I. A controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1.281-1.285.
  • Tollefson, G.D., Rampey, A.H., Potvin, J.H., Jenike, M.A., Rush, A.J., Domínguez, R.A., Koran, L.M., Shear, M.K., Goodman, W. y Genduso, L.A. (1994). A multicenter investigation of fixed-dose of fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 559-567.
  • Valleni-Basile, L., Garrison, C., Jackson, K., Waller, J., Makeowa, R., Addy, C. y Cuffe, S. (1994). Frequency of obsessive compulsive disorder in a community sample of young adolescents. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 6, 782-791.
  • van Balkom, A.J., van Oppen, P, Vermeulen, A., van Dyck, R., Nauta, M.C. y Vorst, H.C. (1994). A meta-analysis on the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: a comparison of antidepressants, behavior, and cognitive therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 5, 359-381.
  • van Oppen, P., de Haan, E., van Balkom, A.J., Spinhoven, P., Hoogduin, K. y Van Dyck, R. (1995). Cognitive therapy and exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 379-390.
  • Volavka, J. Neziroglu, F. y Yaryura Tobias, J.A. (1985). Clomipramine and imipramine in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 14, 83-91.
  • Weismann, M.M., Bland, R.C., Canino; G.J., Greenwald, S. (1994). The Cross National Collaborative Group. The Cross National Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Journal Clinical Psychiatry, 55 (Suplemento 3), 5-10.
  • Zhao, J.P. (1991). A controlled study of clomipramine and amitriptyline for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. Chung Hua Shen Ching Ko Tsa Chic, 24, 68-70.
  • Zohar, J., Sasson, Y., Chopra, M., Amital, D. e Iancu, I. (2000). Pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review. En M. Maj, N. Sartorius, A. Okasha y J. Zohar (eds.), Obsessive-compulsive disorder (pp. 43-62). Nueva York: Wiley.