What are people saying when they report they are happy or life satisfied

  1. Americo Baptista 1
  2. Cristina Camilo 1
  3. Marta Becall 1
  4. Isabel Santos 1
  5. Jose de Almeida Brites 1
  6. Joana Brites Rosa 1
  7. Enrique G. Fernández-Abascal 2
  1. 1 University Lusofona de Humanidades e Tecnologias (Lisbon, Portugal)
  2. 2 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
    info

    Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02msb5n36

Revista:
Anales de psicología

ISSN: 0212-9728,  1695-2294

Año de publicación: 2016

Volumen: 32

Número: 3

Páginas: 803-809

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.6018/ANALESPS.32.3.229121 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Otras publicaciones en: Anales de psicología

Resumen

El estudio de la felicidad estuvo dominado con el modelo de bienestar subjetivo. Con la llegada de la psicología positiva entran en juego los modelos de felicidad hedónicos y eudaimónico, pero los principales estudios siguen utilizando medidas de un solo elemento de satisfacción con la vida o de felicidad. En este trabajo estudiamos la asociación entre la satisfacción con la vida y la felicidad, medida cada una de ellas con un solo ítem mediante una representación gráfica de una escalera y de un termómetro, y los tres modelos de felicidad: el bienestar subjetivo, la felicidad eudaimónica y la felicidad hedonista. Los resultados mostraron que el bienestar subjetivo fue el principal predictor de la satisfacción con la vida y el modelo hedónico también predijo en menor grado esa misma variable. Para el caso de la felicidad los predictores fueron los mismos, pero en orden inverso, el predictor principal fue el modelo hedónico y en un menor grado por el bienestar subjetivo. Contrariamente a nuestra hipótesis, la perspectiva de felicidad eudaimónica no es un predictor en ninguno de los modelos. Estos resultados subrayan la importancia de la interacción entre una perspectiva cognitiva o una hedónica en el estudio de la felicidad.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2006). Measuring happiness with a single-item scale. Social Behavior and Personality, 34, 139-150. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2006.34.2.139
  • Abbott, R. A., Ploubidis, G. B., Huppert, F. A., Kuh, D., & Croudace, T. J. (2010). An evaluation of the precision of the measurement of Ryff’ psychological well-being scales in a population sample. Social Indicators Research. 97, 357-733. doi: 10.1007/s11205-009-9506-x
  • Aknin, L. B., Dunn, E. W., & Norton, M. I. (2012). Happiness runs in a circular motion: Evidence for a positive feedback loop between prosocial spending and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13, 347–355. doi: 10.1007/s10902-011-9267-5
  • Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Argyle, M., Martin, M., & Crossland, J. (1989). Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. In J. P. Forgas, & J. M. Innes (Eds.), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective (pp. 189–203). North-Holland: Elsevier.
  • Asano, R., Igarashi, T., & Tsukamoto, S. (2014). The Hedonic and Eudaimonic Motives for Activities (HEMA) in Japan: the pursuit of well-being. The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 85, 69-79. doi: 10.4992/jjpsy.85.69
  • Bartels, M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2009). Born to be happy? The etiology of subjective well-being. Behavior Genetics, 39, 605–615. doi: 10.1007/s10519-009-9294-8
  • Baird, B. M., Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). Life satisfaction across the lifespan: Findings from two nationally representative panel studies. Social Indicators Research. 99, 183-203. doi: 10.1007/s11205-010-9584-9
  • Benjamin, D. J., Heffetz, O., Kimball, M. S., & Rees-Jones, A. (2012). What do you think would make you happier? What do you think you would choose? American Economic Review, 5, 2083-2110. doi: 10.1257/aer.102.5.2083
  • Berridge, K. C., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2011). Building a neuroscience of pleasure and well-being. Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice, 1, 1–3. doi:10.1186/2211-1522-1-3
  • Boyce, C. J., & Wood, A. M. (2011). Personality prior to disability determines adaptation: agreeable individuals recover lost life satisfaction faster and more completely. Psychological Science, 22, 1397-1402. doi: 10.1177/0956797611421790
  • Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Aldine
  • Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concerns. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • Deaton, A. (2008). Income, aging, health and wellbeing around the world: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22, 53-72. doi: 10.1257/jep.22.2.53
  • Delle Fave, A., Brdar, I., Freire, T., Vella-Brodrick, D., & Wissing, M. (2011). The eudaimonic and hedonic components of happiness: Qualitative and quantitative findings. Social Indicators Research, 100, 185-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9632-5
  • Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
  • Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103-157. doi: 10.1007/BF01207052
  • Diener, E. (1995). A value based index for measuring national quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 36, 107-127. doi: 10.1007/BF01079721
  • Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness, and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55, 34-43. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
  • Diener, E. (2012). New findings and future directions for subjective well-being research. American Psychologist, 67, 590-597. doi: 10.1037/a0029541
  • Diener, E. (2013). The remarkable changes in the science of subjective well-being. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 663-666. doi: 10.1177/1745691613507583
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  • Diener, E., Kesebir, P., & Lucas, R. (2008). Benefits of accounts of well-being — for societies and for psychological science. Applied Psychology, 57, 37–53. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00353.x
  • Diener, E., Ng, W., Harter, J., & Arora, R. (2010). Wealth and happiness across the world: Material prosperity predicts life evaluation, whereas psychosocial prosperity predicts positive feeling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 52–61. doi: 10.1037/a0018066
  • Diener E, Inglehart, R., & Tay, L. (2013). Theory and validity of life satisfaction scales. Social Indicators Research, 112, 497-527. doi: 10.1007/s11205-012-0076-y.
  • Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 1–31. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x
  • Diener, E., Smith, H., & Fujita, F. (1995). The personality structure of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 130–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.130
  • Diener, E., & Tay, L. (2015). Subjective well-being and human welfare around the world as reflected in the Gallup World Poll. International Journal of Psychology, 50, 135–149. doi: 10.1002/ijop.12136
  • Diener, E., Kahneman, D., Tov, W., & Arora, R. (2010). Income’s association with judgments of life versus feelings. In E. Diener, J. Helliwell, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), International differences in well-being (pp. 3-15). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess Flourishing and Positive and Negative Feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143–156. doi: 10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
  • Di Tella, R., Haisken-De New, J., MacCulloch, R. (2010). Happiness adaptation to income and to status in an individual panel. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 76, 834–852 76, doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2010.09.016
  • Dolan, P., & Metcalfe, R. (2012). Measuring subjective wellbeing: recommendations on measures for use by national governments. Journal of Social Policy, 41, 409-427. doi: 10.1017/S0047279411000833
  • Dolan, P., Peasgood, T., & White, M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29, 94-122. doi: 10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.001.
  • Fava, G. A., & Tomba, E. (2009). Increasing psychological well-being and resilience by psychotherapeutic methods. Journal of Personality, 77, 1903-1934. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00604.x
  • Fleurbaey, M. (2009). Beyond GDP: The quest for a measure of social welfare. Journal of Economic Literature, 47, 1029-1075. doi: 10.1257/jel.47.4.1029
  • Fordyce, M. W. (1977). Development of a program to increase personal happiness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24, 511-521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.24.6.511
  • Fordyce, M. W. (1988). A review of the research on the happiness measures: A sixty second index of happiness and mental health. Social Research Indicators, 20, 355-381. doi: 10.1007/BF00302333
  • Fortin, N., Helliwell, J. F., & Wang, S. (2015). How does subjective well-being vary around the world by gender and age? In J. Helliwell, R. Layard, & J. Sachs (Eds.), World Happiness Report (pp. 42-75). New York: Earth Institute, Columbia University.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.218
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. In E. A. Plant & P. G. Devine (Eds.), Advances on Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1-53. Burlington: Academic Press.
  • Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2002). Happiness and economics: How the economy and institutions affect human well-being. Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Graham, C, & Chattopadhyay, S. (2013). Gender and well-being around the world. International Journal of Happiness and Development, 1, 212 – 232. doi: 10.1504/IJHD.2013.055648
  • Gilovich, T., Kumar, A., & Jampol, L. (2015). A wonderful life: Experiential consumption and the pursuit of happiness. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25, 152-165. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.08.004
  • Headey, B. W., Muffels, R. J. A., & Wagner, G. G. (2010). Long-running German panel survey shows that personal and economic choices, not just genes, matter for happiness, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 17922-17926. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1008612107
  • Helliwell, J. (2011) How Can subjective well-being be improved? In F. Gorbet & A. Sharpe (Eds.), New Directions for Intelligent Government in Canada (pp. 283-304), Ottawa: Centre for the Study of Living Standards.
  • Helliwell, J., & Huang, H. (2013). Comparing the happiness effects of real and on-line friends. PLoS ONE, 8: e72754. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072754
  • Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs J. (2012). World Happiness Report. New York: Earth Institute, Columbia University.
  • Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs J. (2013). World Happiness Report. New York: Earth Institute, Columbia University.
  • Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs J. (2015). World Happiness Report. New York: Earth Institute, Columbia University.
  • Henderson, L. W., & Knight, T. (2012). Integrating the hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives to more comprehensively understand wellbeing and pathways to wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2, 196-221. doi:10.5502/ijw.v2i3.3
  • Henderson, L. W., Knight, T., & Richardson, B. (2013). An exploration of the well-being benefits of hedonic and eudaimonic behaviour. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8, 322–336. doi:10.1080/17439760.2013.803596
  • Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1073-1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
  • Huppert, F. A., & So, T. T. (2013). Flourishing across Europe: Application of a new conceptual framework for defining well-being. Social Indicators Research, 110, 837-861. doi: 10.1007/s11205-011-9966-7
  • Huta, V., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). Pursuing pleasure or virtue: The differential and overlapping well-being benefits of hedonic and eudaimonic motives. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, 735-762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9171-4
  • Kahneman, D. (1999). Objective happiness. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 3-25). New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press.
  • Kahneman, D. (2000). Experienced utility and objective happiness: A moment based approach. In D. Kahneman & A. Tversky (Eds.), Choices, values and frames (pp. 673–692). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Kahneman, D., & Deaton, A. (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107, 16489-16493. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1011492107
  • Kahneman, D., & Krueger, A. B. (2006). Developments in the measurement of subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20, 3-24. doi: 10.1257/089533006776526030
  • Kashdan, T. B., Biswas-Diener, R., & King, L. A. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: the costs of distinguishing between hedonics and eudaimonia. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 219 - 233. doi: 10.1080/17439760802303044
  • Keyes, C. L. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health. American Psychologist, 62(2), 95-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.62.2.95
  • Keyes, C. L., & Annas, J. (2009). Feeling good and functioning well: distinctive concepts in ancient philosophy and contemporary science. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 197-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760902844228
  • Kobau, R., & Sniezek, J. (2010). Well-being assessment: An evaluation of well-being scales for public health and population estimates of well-being among US adults. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 2, 272–297, doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01035.x.
  • Krueger, A. B. (2009). Measuring the subjective well-being of nations: National accounts of time use and well-being. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Krueger, A. B., & Schkade, D. A. (2008). The reliability of subjective well-being measures. Journal of Public Economics, 92, 1833–1845. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.12.015
  • Krueger, A. B., & Stone. A. A. (2014). Progress in measuring subjective well-being: Moving toward national indicators and policy evaluations. Science, 346, 42-43. doi: 10.1126/science.1256392
  • Kuppens, P., Realo, A, & Diener, E. (2008). The role of positive and negative emotions in life satisfaction judgment across nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 66-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.66
  • Larsen, R.J., Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1985). An evaluation of subjective well-being measures. Social Indicators Research, 17, 1-17. doi: 10.1007/BF00354108
  • Layard, R. (2010). Measuring subjective well-being. Science, 327, 534-535. doi: 10.1126/science.1186315
  • Levin, K. A., & Currie, C. (2014). Reliability and validity of an adapted version of the Cantril Ladder for use with adolescent samples. Social Indicators Research, 119, 1047-1063. doi: 10.1007/s11205-013-0507-4
  • Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 616–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.616
  • Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2007). How stable is happiness? Using the STARTS model to estimate the stability of life satisfaction. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1091-1098. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2006.11.005
  • Lucas, R. E., & Gohm, C. L. (2000). Age and sex differences in subjective well-being across cultures. In E. Diener & E. M. Suh (Eds.), Culture and subjective well-being (pp. 291-317). Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137–155. doi: 10.1023/A:1006824100041
  • Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
  • Morrison, M., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2011). Subjective well-being and national satisfaction: Findings from a worldwide survey. Psychological Science, 22, 166-171. doi: 10.117710956797610396224
  • Mitchell., L., Frank, M. R., Harris, K. D., Dodds, P. S., & Danforth, C. M. (2013). The geography of happiness: Connecting Twitter sentiment and expression, demographics, and objective characteristics of place. PLoS ONE, 8, e64417. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064417
  • Neto, F. (1993). The Satisfaction with Life Scale: Psychometrics properties in an adolescent sample. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 22, 125-134. doi: 10.1007/BF01536648
  • O'Donnell, G., Deaton, A., Durand, M., Alpern, D., & Layard, R. (2014). Well-being and policy. Legatum Institute
  • Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2014). Can and should happiness be a policy goal? Policy Insights from Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1, 195-203. doi: 10.1177/2372732214548427
  • Oswald A. J, & Wu, S. (2010). Objective confirmation of subjective measures of human well-being: Evidence from the U.S.A. Science, 327, 576–579. doi: 10.1126/science.1180606
  • Oswald, A. J., & Wu, S. (2011). Well-being across America. Review of Economics and Statistics, 93, 1118-1134. doi: 10.1162/rest_a_00133
  • Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164-172. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.5.2.164
  • Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The Satisfaction With Life Scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 137–152. doi: 10.1080/17439760701756946
  • Pavot, W. G., Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Further validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 149-161. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_17
  • Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: The full life versus the empty life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 25-41. doi: 10.1007/s10902-004-1278-z
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
  • Ryan, R. M., Huta, V., & Deci, E. L. (2008). Living well: A self-determination theory perspective on eudaimonia. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 139-170. doi: 10.1007/s10902-006-9023-4
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 6, 1069-1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
  • Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5-14. doi: 10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.5
  • Silva, A. J, & Caetano, A. (2013). Validation of the Flourishing Scale and Scale of Positive and Negative Experience in Portugal. Social Indicators Research, 110, 469-478. doi: 10.1007/s11205-011-9938-y
  • Stiglitz, J., Sen, A., & Fitoussi, J.-P. (2009). Report by the commission on the measurement of economic and social progress. Paris: OECD. Retrieved from http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/documents/rapport_anglais.pdf
  • Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Deaton, A. (2010). A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A, 107, 9985-9990. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1003744107
  • Veenhoven, R. (2010). Greater happiness for a greater number. Is that possible and desirable? Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, 605-629. doi: 10.1007/s10902-010-9204-z
  • Vittersø, J., & Søholt, Y. (2011). Life satisfaction goes with pleasure and personal growth goes with interest: Further arguments for separating hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6, 326-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.584548
  • Waterman, A. S. (2008). Reconsidering happiness: A eudaimonist' perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 234-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760802303002
  • Wilson, W. (1967). Correlates of avowed happiness. Psychological Bulletin, 67, 279-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0024431
  • Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2014). Motivated happiness: Self-enhancement inflates self-reported subjective well-being. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 185-194. doi: 10.1177/1948550614534699
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet