Turkmenistánevolución de un Estado Neopatrimonial y persistencia de su vulnerabilidad al golpe de palacio

  1. Rubén Ruiz Ramas
Revista:
Revista UNISCI / UNISCI Journal

ISSN: 2386-9453

Any de publicació: 2017

Número: 45

Pàgines: 163-194

Tipus: Article

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAccés obert editor

Altres publicacions en: Revista UNISCI / UNISCI Journal

Resum

La llegada al poder de Gurbangulí Berdimujamédov tras el fallecimiento en 2006 del primer presidente del Turkmenistán independiente, Saparmurat Niyázov, trajo consigo tres interrogantes respecto al horizonte de desarrollo de la joven república. Las mismas se referían a la continuidad o cambio de régimen entre el autoritarismo y la democracia liberal; a su modelo de gobernanza, diferenciando el sultanismo de un neopatrimonialismo vertebrado con base a redes informales; y finalmente a la posibilidad de neutralizar la persistente amenaza de golpe de Estado, en forma de golpe de palacio, y que suponía la principal amenaza a la seguridad del país desde la perspectiva de la inestabilidad política. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el desarrollo de estas tres cuestiones, examinando la evolución del Estado Neopatrimonial en las presidencias de Niyázov y Berdimujamédov, así como los tres contextos principales de riesgo de golpe de palacio en el Turkmenistán independiente.

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del Estado Mayor Tirkish Termyev80. Un mes más tarde llegaría la gran purga en el Comité para la Seguridad Nacional (KNB, Komitet Natsionalnoi Bezopastnosti), el órgano de servicios secretos heredero del KGB y uno de los pilares sobre los que Niyázov había erigido su dictadura. Niyázov cesó a docenas de altos cargos del KNB, incluyendo a su más alto responsable, el general Muhammad Nazarov, acabando por imponerles fuertes condenas de prisión. Purgas que, directa o indirectamente, afectaron al ochenta por ciento del KNB81. Desconfiado del KNB, el cual fue renombrado “Ministerio de Seguridad Nacional”, Niyázov decidió transferir gran parte de sus competencias a la Guardia Presidencial del coronel Akmurat Redzhepov, quien había sobrevivido a todas las purgas de Niyázov desde 198582.

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