La Teoría General de la Frustraciónuna explicación del delito a nivel individual.
ISSN: 2530-1969
Argitalpen urtea: 2020
Zenbakia: 5
Mota: Artikulua
Beste argitalpen batzuk: e-Eguzkilore.: Zientzia Kriminologikoen Aldizkari Elektronikoa = Revista electrónica de Ciencias Criminológicas
Laburpena
This paper presents one of the three main international criminological theories that, paradoxically, has received little or no attention in Spanish-speaking countries. The General Strain Theory - GST - explains crime at the individual level focused primarily on adolescents and their immediate social environment. This work examines the origin, evolution, present of the theory, and analyzes its most relevant principles, premises and assumptions. For GST there is a relationship between strain and crime that is mediated, on the one hand, by the indirect effects of certain negative emotions and, on the other hand, conditioned by the moderating effects of other predictors of crime. In general, the theory has received strong empirical support. However, there is contrary evidence, mixed at best, on aspects of the theory such as its generability to other cultures or in relation to the conditioning effects of other variables, especially with regard to the effects of a general index of criminal propensity.
Erreferentzia bibliografikoak
- Abela, J. A. (2011). El análisis multinivel: Una revisión actualizada en el ámbito sociológico. Metodología de Encuestas, 13(1), 161-176.
- Agnew, R. (1984). Goal achievement and delinquency. Sociology and Social Research, 68(4), 435-451. Agnew, R. (1985). A revised strain theory of delinquency. Social Forces, 64(1), 151-167. Agnew, R. (1987). On “testing structural strain theories”. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 24(4), 281-286.
- Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency.Criminology, 30(1), 47-88.
- Agnew, R. (1995a). Controlling delinquency: Recommendations from General Strain Theory. En H. D. Barlow (Ed.), Crime and Public Policy: Putting Theory to Work (pp. 43- 70). Estados Unidos: Routledge.
- Agnew, R. (1995b). Strain and subcultural theories of criminality. En J. F. Sheley (Ed.), Criminology: A contemporary handbook (pp. 305-327). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
- Agnew, R. (1997). The nature and determinants of strain: Another look at Durkheim and Merton. In N. Passas, & R. Agnew (Eds.), The future of Anomie Theory (pp. 27-51). Boston: Northeastern University Press Boston, MA.
- Agnew, R. (1999). A general strain theory of community differences in crime rates.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36(2), 123-155.
- Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(4), 319-361.
- Agnew, R. (2005). Why do criminals offend?: A general theory of crime and delinquency. Roxbury, Los Angeles, CA.
- Agnew, R. (2007). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Oxford University Press, USA.
- Agnew, R. (2010). Controlling crime: Recommendations from general strain theory. In Barlow, H., & Decker, S. H. (Eds.), Criminology and public policy: Putting theory to work (pp. 25-44). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
- Agnew, R. (2013). When criminal coping is likely: An extension of general strain theory. Deviant Behavior, 34(8), 653-670.
- Agnew, R. (2015). Using general strain theory to explain crime in Asian societies. Asian Journal of Criminology, 10(2), 131-147.
- Agnew, R., Cullen, F. T., Burton Jr, V. S., Evans, T. D., & Dunaway, R. G. (1996). A new test of classic strain theory. Justice Quarterly, 13(4), 681-704.
- Agnew, R., & Passas, N. (1997). Introduction. En N. Passas, & R. Agnew (Eds.), The future of anomie theory (pp. 1-26). Boston: Northeastern University Press.
- Agnew, R., & White, H. R. (1992). An empirical test of general strain theory. Criminology, 30(4), 475-500.
- Aseltine Jr, R. H., Gore, S., & Gordon, J. (2000). Life stress, anger and anxiety, and delinquency: An empirical test of General Strain Theory. Journal of health and social behavior, 41(3), 256-275.
- Asgeirsdottir, B. B., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Gudjonsson, G. H., & Sigurdsson, J. F. (2011). Associations between sexual abuse and family conflict/violence, self-injurious behavior, and substance use: The mediating role of depressed mood and anger. Child abuse & neglect, 35(3), 210-219.
- Bao, W., Haas, A., & Pi, Y. (2004). Life Strain, Negative Emotions, and Delinquency: An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory in the People’s Republic of China. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48(3), 281-297.
- Baron, S. W. (2009). Street youths' violent responses to violent personal, vicarious, and anticipated strain. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(5), 442-451.
- Baron, S. W. (2004). General Strain, street youth and crime: A test of Agnew's Revised Theory. Criminology, 42(2), 457-484.
- Baron, S. W. (2006). Street youth, strain theory, and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(2), 209-223.
- Baron, S. W. (2019a). Police Strain, Negative Emotions, Criminal Propensity, and Criminal Coping. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 1-24.
- Baron, S. W. (2019b). Strain, Criminal Propensity, and Violence: Examining the Role of the Composite Moderator in Agnew’s Extension to GST. Crime & Delinquency, 65(6), 801-821.
- Baron, S. W., & Hartnagel, T. F. (2002). Street youth and labor market strain. Journal of Criminal Justice [H.W.Wilson - SSA], 30(6), 519.
- Bernard, T. J. (1995). Merton versus Hirschi: Who is faithful to Durkheim’s heritage. En Adler, F., & Laufer, W. S. (Ed.), The legacy of anomie theory. (6ª ed., pp. 81-90). New Brunswick (USA); Londres (RU.): Transaction Publishers.
- Bernard, T. J. (1984). Control criticisms of strain theories: An assessment of theoretical and empirical adequacy. The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 21(4), 353-372.
- Botchkovar, E. V., Tittle, C. R., & Antonaccio, O. (2009). General Strain Theory: Additional evidence using cross‐cultural data. Criminology, 47(1), 131-176.
- Brezina, T. (1996). Adapting to strain: An examination of delinquent coping responses. Criminology, 34(1), 39-60.
- Broidy, L. M. (2001). A test of General Strain Theory. Criminology, 39(1), 9-36.
- Brown, W. (2015). An intersectional approach to criminological theory: Incorporating the intersectionality of race and gender into Agnew's General Strain Theory. Ralph Bunche Journal of Public Affairs, 4(Iss. 1, Article 6.), 229-243.
- Burton Jr, V. S., Cullen, F. T., Evans, T. D., & Dunaway, R. G. (1994). Reconsidering strain theory: Operationalization, rival theories, and adult criminality. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 10(3), 213-239.
- Burton Jr, V. S., & Cullen, F. T. (1992). The empirical status of strain theory. Journal of Crime and Justice, 15(2), 1-30.
- Burton, P. (2008). Dealing with school violence in South Africa. Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention (CJCP) Issue Paper, 4, 1-16.
- Capowich, G. E., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (2001). General strain theory, situational anger, and social networks: An assessment of conditioning influences. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29(5), 445-461.
- Cloward, R. A. (1959). Illegitimate Means, Anomie, and Deviant Behavior. American Sociological Review, 24(2), 164-176.
- Cloward, R. A., & Ohlin, L. E. (1960). Delinquency and opportunity; a theory of delinquent gangs. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press. Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent boys: The culture of the gang. New York: Free
- Cohen, D. V. (1995). Ethics and crime in business firms: Organizational culture and the impact of anomie. En Adler, F., & Laufer, W. S. (Ed.), The legacy of anomie theory. (pp. 183-206). New Brunswick (USA); Londres (R.U.): Transaction Publishers.
- Craig, J. M., Cardwell, S. M., & Piquero, A. R. (2017). The effects of criminal propensity and strain on later offending. Crime & Delinquency, 63(13), 1655-1681.
- Cullen, F. T. (1984). Rethinking crime and deviance theory: The emergence of a structuring tradition. Rowman & Allanheld Totowa, New Jersey.
- Drapela, L. A. (2006). The effect of negative emotion on licit and illicit drug use among high school dropouts: An empirical test of General Strain Theory. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(5), 752-767.
- Durkheim, E. (Ed.). (1897/1998). El suicidio, introducción y estudio previo de Lorenzo Díaz Sánchez (5ª ed.). Madrid: Akal Universitaria.
- Elliott, D. S. (1985). The assumption that theories can be combined with increased explanatory power: Theoretical integrations. En R. F. Meirer (Ed.), Theoretical methods in criminology (pp. 123-149). Beverly Hills, CA [etc]: Sage.
- Farnworth, M., & Leiber, M. J. (1989). Strain theory revisited: Economic goals, educational means, and delinquency. American Sociological Review, 54(2), 263-274.
- Featherstone, R., & Deflem, M. (2003). Anomie and strain: Context and consequences of Merton's two theories. Sociological Inquiry, 73(4), 471-489.
- Froggio, G., & Agnew, R. (2007). The relationship between crime and “objective” versus “subjective” strains. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(1), 81-87.
- García-Pablos de Molina, A. (2014). Tratado de Criminología (5ª ed.). Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.
- Garrido Genovés, V., Stangeland, P., & Redondo Illescas, S. (2001). Principios de Criminología (2ª ed.). Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.
- Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA. Stanford University Press.
- Greenberg, D. F. (1977). Delinquency and the age structure of society. Contemporary Crises, 1(2), 189-189.
- Hay, C. (2003). Family strain, gender, and delinquency. Sociological Perspectives, 46(1), 107-135.
- Hay, C., & Evans, M. M. (2006). Violent victimization and involvement in delinquency: Examining predictions from general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3), 261-274.
- Hay, C., & Meldrum, R. (2010). Bullying victimization and adolescent self-harm: Testing hypotheses from General Strain Theory. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(5), 446-459.
- Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
- Hoffman, J. P., & Ireland, T. (1995). Cloward and Ohlin's strain theory reexamined: An elaborated theoretical model. En Adler, F., & Laufer, W. S. (Ed.), The legacy of anomie theory. (6ª ed., pp. 247-270). New Brunswick (USA); London (U.K.): Transaction Publishers.
- Hoffmann, J. P., & Miller, A. S. (1998). A latent variable analysis of general strain theory. Journal of quantitative criminology, 14(1), 83-110.
- Hollist, D. R., Hughes, L. A., & Schaible, L. M. (2009). Adolescent maltreatment, negative emotion, and delinquency: An assessment of general strain theory and family-based strain. Journal of criminal justice, 37(4), 379-387.
- Horton, R., Rice, S. K., Piquero, N. L., & Piquero, A. R. (2012). On the variability of anger cross-culturally: An assessment of general strain theory's primary mediator. Deviant Behavior, 33(4), 260-281.
- Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65(1), 19-51.
- Jang, S. J., & Johnson, B. R. (2003). Strain, negative emotions, and deviant coping among African Americans: A test of general strain theory. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19(1), 79-105.
- Jang, S. J., & Song, J. (2015). A “rough test” of a delinquent coping process model of general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(6), 419-430.
- Jennings, W. G., Piquero, N. L., Gover, A. R., & Perez, D. M. (2009). Gender and general strain theory: A replication and exploration of Broidy and Agnew's gender/strain hypothesis among a sample of southwestern Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(4), 404-417.
- Kaufman, J. M. & Agnew, R., (2017). Anomie, Strain and Subcultural Theories of Crime. Londres (RU): Routledge.
- Kornhauser, R. R. (1978). Social sources of delinquency: an appraisal of analytic models. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- LaFree, G. (1998). Losing legitimacy: Street crime and the decline of social institutions in America. Londres (RU): Routledge.
- Lin, W., & Mieczkowski, T. (2011). Subjective strains, conditioning factors, and juvenile delinquency: general strain theory in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Criminology, 6(1), 69-87.
- Liska, A. E. (1971). Aspirations, expectations, and delinquency: Stress and additive models. The Sociological quarterly, 12(1), 99-107.
- Luke, D. A. (2004). Multilevel modeling (Vol. 143). Sage.
- Madaleno, M., & Waights, S. (2015). Guide to scoring methods using the Maryland scientific methods scale. What Works Centre for Local Economic Growth.
- Manasse, M. E., & Ganem, N. M. (2009). Victimization as a cause of delinquency: The role of depression and gender. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(4), 371-378.
- Mazerolle, P., Burton Jr, V. S., Cullen, F. T., Evans, T. D., & Payne, G. L. (2000). Strain, anger, and delinquent adaptations specifying general strain theory. Journal of criminal justice, 28(2), 89-101.
- Mazerolle, P., & Maahs, J. (2000). General strain and delinquency: An alternative examination of conditioning influences. Justice Quarterly, 17(4), 753-778.
- Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Linking exposure to strain with anger: An investigation of deviant adaptations. Journal of Criminal Justice, 26(3), 195-211.
- Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. R. (1997). Violent responses to situations of strain: A structural examination. Justice Quarterly, 15, 65-91.
- Menard, S. (1995). A developmental test of Mertonian anomie theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 32(2), 136-174.
- Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672-682.
- Messner, S. F. (1988). Merton's “social structure and anomie”: The road not taken.Deviant Behavior, 9(1), 33-53.
- Messner, S. F., & Rosenfeld, R. (2012). Crime and the American dream (5ª ed.).Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
- Moon, B., Blurton, D., & McCluskey, J. D. (2008). General strain theory and delinquency: Focusing on the influences of key strain characteristics on delinquency. Crime & Delinquency, 54(4), 582-613.
- Moon, B., Hays, K., & Blurton, D. (2009). General strain theory, key strains, and deviance. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(1), 98-106.
- Moon, B., Morash, M., McCluskey, C. P., & Hwang, H. (2009). A comprehensive test of general strain theory: Key strains, situational-and trait-based negative emotions, conditioning factors, and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 46(2), 182-212.
- Moon, B., Hwang, H., & McCluskey, J. D. (2011). Causes of School Bullying: Empirical Test of a General Theory of Crime, Differential Association Theory, and General Strain Theory. Crime & Delinquency, 57(6), 849-877.
- Moon, B., Morash, M., & McCluskey, J. D. (2012). General Strain Theory and School Bullying: An Empirical Test in South Korea. Crime & Delinquency, 58(6), 827-855.
- Moon, B., & Morash, M. (2004). Adaptation of theory for alternative cultural contexts: Agnew's general strain theory in South Korea. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 28(2), 77-104.
- Moon, B., & Morash, M. (2017). A Test of General Strain Theory in South Korea: A Focus on Objective/Subjective Strains, Negative Emotions, and Composite Conditioning Factors. Crime & Delinquency, 63(6), 731-756
- Morash, M., & Moon, B. (2007). Gender Differences in the Effects of Strain on the Delinquency of South Korean Youth. Youth & Society, 38(3), 300-321.
- Ostrowsky, M. K., & Messner, S. F. (2005). Explaining crime for a young adult population: An application of general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 33(5), 463- 476.
- Ousey, G. C., Wilcox, P., & Schreck, C. J. (2015). Violent victimization, confluence of risks and the nature of criminal behavior: Testing main and interactive effects from Agnew’s extension of General Strain Theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(2), 164-173.
- Passas, N. (1997). Anomie, Reference Groups, and Relative Deprivation. En N. Passas, & R. Agnew (Eds.), The future of anomie theory (pp. 62-94). Boston: Northeastern University Press.
- Passas, N., & Agnew, R. (1997). The future of anomie theory. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
- Paternoster, R., & Mazerolle, P. (1994). General strain theory and delinquency: A replication and extension. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31(3), 235-263.
- Piquero, N. L., & Sealock, M. D. (2000). Generalizing general strain theory: An examination of an offending population. Justice Quarterly, 17(3), 449-484.
- Piquero, N. L., & Sealock, M. D. (2004). Gender and general strain theory: A preliminary test of Broidy and Agnew's gender/GST hypotheses. Justice Quarterly, 21(1), 125-158.
- Posick, C., & Rocque, M. (2015). Family matters: A cross-national examination of family bonding and victimization. European Journal of Criminology, 12(1), 51-69.
- Posick, C. (2013). The Overlap between offending and victimization among adolescents: Results from the Second International Self-Report Delinquency Study. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 29(1), 106-124.
- Posick, C., & Gould, L. A. (2015). On the general relationship between victimization and offending: Examining cultural contingencies. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(3), 195- 204.
- Quicker, J. C. (1974). The effect of goal discrepancy on delinquency. Social problems, 22(1), 76-86.
- Redondo Illescas, S. (2008). Individuos, sociedades y oportunidades en la explicación y prevención del delito: modelo del triple riesgo delictivo (TRD) (Primera parte). Boletín criminológico, (108).
- Redondo Illescas, S. (2015). El origen de los delitos: introducción al estudio y explicación de la criminalidad (1ª ed.) Valencia: Tirant Humanidades.
- Sampson, R.J., & W.B. Groves. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 774−802.
- Serrano Gómez, A., & Fernández Dopico, J. (1978). El delincuente español. Factores concurrentes (influyentes). Madrid: Publicaciones del Instituto de Criminología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
- Serrano Gómez, A. (2007). Historia de la criminología en España. Madrid: Dykinson.
- Serrano Maíllo, A. (2009). Introducción a la Criminología (6ª ed.). Madrid: Dykinson.
- Serrano Maillo, A. (2017). Teoría criminológica: la explicación del delito en la sociedad contemporánea. Madrid: Dykinson.
- Serrano-Maíllo, A. (2018a). Crime contemplation and self-control: A test of Situational Action Theory’s hypothesis about their interaction in crime causation. European Journal of Criminology, 15(1), 93-110.
- Serrano-Maíllo, A. (2018b). Un estudio sobre la formación de la criminología española (1903-1978). Desarrollo, hostigamiento y dimensión simbólica. Navarra: España: Aranzadi.
- Serrano Maíllo, A. & Teijón Alcalá, M. (2019). Efectos indirectos de la frustración sobre la desviación en el ámbito deportivo profesional y semiprofesional. Un enfoque de ecuaciones estructurales. Revista electrónica de criminología, 1(4). 1-11.
- Serrano Tárraga, M. D. (2018). Criminología: introducción a sus principios (2ª, rev. ed.). Madrid: Dykinson.
- Shaw, C. R., & H.D. McKay. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas: A study of rates of delinquents in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Sherman, L. W., Gottfredson, D. C., MacKenzie, D. L., Eck, J., Reuter, P., & Bushway, S. (1997). Preventing crime: What works, what doesn't, what's promising: A report to the United States Congress. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
- Sigfusdottir, I. D., Kristjansson, A. L., & Agnew, R. (2012). A comparative analysis of general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(2), 117-127.
- Simons, R. L., Chen, Y., Stewart, E. A., & Brody, G. H. (2003). Incidents of discrimination and risk for delinquency: A longitudinal test of strain theory with an African American sample. Justice Quarterly, 20(4), 827-854.
- Spector, P. E., Liu, C., & Sanchez, J. I. (2015). Methodological and substantive issues in conducting multinational and cross-cultural research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2(1), 101-131.
- Snijders, T.A.B, & Bosker, R.J. (2012). Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling (2ª ed.).London etc.: Sage Publishers.
- Sutherland, E. H. (1934). Principles of criminology (2ª ed.). Chicago y Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
- Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 664-670.
- Thaxton, S., & Agnew, R. (2018). When criminal coping is likely: An examination of conditioning effects in general strain theory. Journal of quantitative criminology, 34(4), 887-920.
- Teijón Alcalá, M. (2017). El Durkheim maduro como teórico de la frustración. En I. González Sánchez, & A. Serrano Maíllo (Eds.), Anomia, Cohesión social y moralidad: cien años de tradición durkheimiana en Criminología (pp. 81-90). Madrid: Dikinson.
- Teijón Alcalá, M. (2018a). Anomia, frustración y delito: una propuesta de medición para la variable principal de las teorías clásicas de la frustración. Revista electrónica de ciencia penal y criminología, 20(07), 1-17.
- Teijón Alcalá, M. (2018b). Victimización y delito: patrones y comportamientos de las víctimas en el proceso delictivo. En A. Chaparro Guerra, & A. Serrano Maíllo (Coords.), El Derecho penal y la Criminología (pp. 95-127). Perú: Joshua V&E S.A.C.
- Teijón Alcalá, M. (2019). El maltrato en adolescentes como predictor del delito. Un análisis de la relación entre victimización y delincuencia en contextos criminógenos. En prensa.
- Teijón Alcalá, M., & Birkbeck, C. H. (2019). Victimization, crime propensity and deviance: a multinational test of general strain theory. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 35.
- Teijón Alcalá, M., & Serrano Maíllo, A. (2019). Bloqueo de oportunidades y emociones negativas en la causación del delito. Un test de la Teoría General de la Frustración. . Cuadernos de política criminal, 127(I), 177-201.
- Teijón Alcalá, M. & Serrano Maíllo, A. (2019). Bloqueo de oportunidades y emociones negativas en la causación del delito. Un test de la teoría general de la frustración. Cuadernos de política criminal, 127(I), 177-201.
- Teijón Alcalá, M., & Sillero Quintana, M. (2018). Anomia, frustración y desviación. Un test de las teorías clásicas de la frustración a nivel individual. Indret: Revista para el Análisis del Derecho, 3(18), 1-22.
- Teijón Alcalá, M., Serrano Maíllo, A. & Birkbeck, C. H. (2019). The effects of hate crimes on subsequent delinquency. A multilevel analysis with data from the ISRD3. En preparación.
- Tittle, C. R. (2006). Desarrollos teóricos de la Criminología. En R. Barberet, & J. Barquín (Eds.), Justicia Penal Siglo XXI. Una Selección de Criminal Justice 2000 (pp. 1- 55). Granada: National Institute of Justice (U.S. Department of Justice).
- Wacquant, L. (2005). The great penal leap backward: incarceration in America from Nixon to Clinton. En J. Pratt et al. (Eds.), The new punitiveness. Trends, theories, perspectives (pp. 29-52). Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.
- Willits, D. (2019). Violent propensity, strain, and violent intentions: A test of Agnew’s revised conditioning hypothesis. Deviant Behavior, 40(1), 122-137.
- Wikström, P. H. (2010). Explaining crime as moral actions. In S. Hitlin, & S. Vaisey (Eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of Morality (pp. 211-239). New York [etc.]: Springer.
- Wikström, P. H., Oberwittler, D., Treiber, K., & Hardie, B. (2012). Breaking rules: The social and situational dynamics of young people's urban crime, OUP Oxford.
- Yildiz, M. (2015). A test of General Strain Theory: Suicidal Ideation and attempt among adolescents in Istanbul, Turkey.