Cross-Cultural Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the CES-D in Spanish and Mexican Dementia Caregivers

  1. Losada, Andrés 1
  2. Villareal, Mª de los Angeles 2
  3. Nuevo Benítez, Roberto 3
  4. Márquez González, María 4
  5. Salazar González, Bertha Cecilia 5
  6. Romero Moreno, Rosa 1
  7. Carrillo, Ana L. 2
  8. Fernández Fernández, Virginia 1
  1. 1 Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
    info

    Universidad Rey Juan Carlos

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01v5cv687

  2. 2 Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila
    info

    Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila

    Saltillo, México

    ROR https://ror.org/00dpnh189

  3. 3 Hospital Universitario de Getafe
    info

    Hospital Universitario de Getafe

    Getafe, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01ehe5s81

  4. 4 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01cby8j38

  5. 5 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
    info

    Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

    San Nicolás de los Garza, México

    ROR https://ror.org/01fh86n78

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Journal:
The Spanish Journal of Psychology

ISSN: 1138-7416

Year of publication: 2012

Volume: 15

Issue: 2

Pages: 783-792

Type: Article

DOI: 10.5209/REV_SJOP.2012.V15.N2.38890 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: The Spanish Journal of Psychology

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Abstract

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) is the most frequently used scale for measuring depressive symptomatology in caregiving research. The aim of this study is to test its construct structure and measurement equivalence between caregivers from two Spanish-speaking countries. Face-to-face interviews were carried out with 595 female dementia caregivers from Madrid, Spain, and from Coahuila, Mexico. The structure of the CES-D was analyzed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA, respectively). Measurement invariance across samples was analyzed comparing a baseline model with a more restrictive model. Significant differences between means were found for 7 items. The results of the EFA clearly supported a four-factor solution. The CFA for the whole sample with the four factors revealed high and statistically significant loading coefficients for all items (except item number 4). When equality constraints were imposed to test for the invariance between countries, the change in chi-square was significant, indicating that complete invariance could not be assumed. Significant between-countries differences were found for three of the four latent factor mean scores. Although the results provide general support for the original four-factor structure, caution should be exercised on reporting comparisons of depression scores between Spanish-speaking countries.

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Funding information

The preparation of this article was supported in part by grants from the Spanish Ministerio de Educación (Grant SEJ2006-02489/PSIC) and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Grant PSI2009-08132/PSIC).

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