La Unión Europea rumbo a la neutralidad climáticacon brújula y deriva

  1. Lara LÁZARO TOUZA 1
  2. Gonzalo ESCRIBANO FRANCÉS 2
  1. 1 Centro de Enseñanza Superior Cardenal Cisneros
  2. 2 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
    info

    Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02msb5n36

Revista:
Papeles de economía española

ISSN: 0210-9107

Any de publicació: 2022

Número: 174

Pàgines: 228-245

Tipus: Article

DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAccés obert editor

Altres publicacions en: Papeles de economía española

Resum

The energy and climate policies implemented by the EU since the 1980s laid the foundations for adopting the climate neutrality goal by 2050, aligning the interests and values of the Union and strengthening its position as a directional leader. To achieve this goal the EU put forth the European Green Deal EGD in 2019. The EGD is accompanied by the «Fit for 55» package which includes numerous legislative and executive measures, updating pre-existing measures and new instruments that seek to limit the impact of decarbonisation policies on the most vulnerable citizens. Guided by the EGD, the EU is tackling the pandemic with the largest green recovery package in its history, which is expected to facilitate the achievement of the targets set in the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plans. More recently, the EU response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, with REPowerEU, significantly increases the Union renewable ambition. All this in a context of radical uncertainty and deteriorating economic expectations which exacerbate the challenges the EU faces in meeting its decarbonisation goals: ensuring security of supply, diversifying energy sources and suppliers, reducing energy dependence from Russia, adapting to volatile energy prices and ensuring acceptance of decarbonisation policies.

Referències bibliogràfiques

  • BÄCKSTRAND, K. y ELGSTRÖM, O. (2013). The EU’s role in climate change negotiations: from leader to «leadiator». Journal of European Public Policy, 20(10), pp. 1369- 1386.
  • BIROL, F. (2021). COP26 climate pledges could help limit global warming to 1,8 °C, but implementing them will be the key. Commentary. 4 de noviembre, 2021. https://www.iea.org/commentaries/cop26-climate-pledges-could-help-limit-global-warming-to-1-8-c-but-implementing-them-will-be-the-key
  • BP (2021). Statistical Review of World Energy 2021. 70th edition. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf
  • CLIMATE ACTION NETWORK (CAN) (2021). COP26: Rich nations betray vulnerable people of the world. 13 November 2021. https://climatenetwork.org/2021/11/13/cop26-rich-nations-betray-vulnerable-people-of-the-world/
  • CLIMATE ACTION TRACKER (2021). Glasgow’s 2030 credibility gap: net zero’s lip service to climate action. Wave of net zero emission goals not matched by action on the ground. https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/997/CAT_2021-11-09_Briefing_Global-Update_Glasgow2030CredibilityGap.pdf
  • CONSEJO DE LA UNIÓN EUROPEA (2022). Objetivo 55. Consejo de la Unión Europea. Secretaría General. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/es/infographics/fit-for-55-how-the-euwill-turn-climate-goals-into-law/
  • DOWNS, A. (1972). Up and Down with Ecology-the Issue-Attention Cycle. Public Interest, 28, pp. 38-50.
  • ECONOMIDOU, M., TODESCHI, V., BERTOLDI, P., D’AGOSTINO, D., ZANGHERI, P. y CASTELLAZZI, L. (2020). Review of 50 years of EU energy efficiency policies for buildings. Energy & Buildings, 225. 110322, pp. 1-20.
  • ESCRIBANO, G. (2022), Diez contribuciones de España a una seguridad energética europea autónoma de Rusia. Real Instituto Elcano. ARI 23/2022 24. https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/ari23-2022-diez-contribuciones-de-espana-a-una-seguridad-energetica-europea-autonoma-de-rusia.pdf
  • ESCRIBANO, G. y LÁZARO TOUZA, L. (2021). España en el mundo 2022: perspectivas y desafíos en clima y energía. Real Instituto Elcano https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/analisis/espana-en-el-mundo-2022-perspectivas-y-desafios-en-clima-yenergia/
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (2011). Hoja de ruta hacia una economía hipocarbónica competitiva en 2050. COM(2011) 112 final. https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/T4T/ PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0112&from=EN
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (2015). Energy Union Package: A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy. COM (2015) 80 final.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (2019). Brussels, 11.12.2019 COM(2019) 640 final. The European Green Deal. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:b828d165-1c22- 11ea-8c1f-01aa75ed71a1.0002.02/DOC_1&format=PDF
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (2020). Stepping up Europe’s 2030 climate ambition Investing in a climate-neutral future for the benefit of our people. COM (2020)562. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0562&from=EN
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (2020a). Intensificar la ambición climática de Europa para 2030: Invertir en un futuro climáticamente neutro en beneficio de nuestros ciudadanos. COM(2020)562.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (2020b). The European Green Deal Investment Plan and Just Transition Mechanism explained. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_24
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (2021a). Special Eurobarometer 513. Climate Change. ISBN 978-92-76-38399-4.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (2021b). Brussels, 12.2.2021 C(2021) 1054 final Commission Notice Technical guidance on the application of ydo no significant harmz under the Recovery and Resilience Facility Regulation. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/c2021_1054_ en.pdf
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (2022a). EU “Save Energy” COM(2022) 240 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM por 1003 A2022 por 1003A240 por 1003A FIN&qid=1653033053936
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (2022b). EU external energy engagement in a changing world. JOIN/2022/23 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=JOIN por 1003 A2022 por 1003A23 por 1003A FIN&qid=1653033264976
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (2022c). Hacia una economía ecológica, digital y resiliente: nuestro modelo europeo de crecimiento. COM(2022) 83 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52022DC0083&from=EN
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (no fechado a). Kyoto Protocol First Commitment Period (2008-2012). Climate Action. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/climate-strategies-targets/progress-made-cutting-emissions/kyoto-1st-commitment-period-2008-12_en
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (no fechado b). European Climate Change Programme. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/european-climate-change-programme_en
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) (no fechado c). EU at COP 26 Climate Change Conference. https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/climate-action-and-green-deal/eu-cop26-climate-change-conference_en#:~:text=At por 10020the por 10020end por 10020of por 10020the,warming por 10020to por 100201.5 por 10020degrees por 10020Celsius
  • EUROPEAN COUNCIL (EUCO) (2014). EUCO 169/14. CO EUR 13 CONCL 5. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/145397.pdf
  • EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY (EEA) (2022a). Annual European Union greenhouse gas inventory 1990–2020 and inventory report 2022. Submission to the UNFCCC Secretariat. EEA/PUBL/2022/023. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/annual-european-union-greenhouse-gas-1
  • EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY (EEA). (2022b). Trends and projections in Europe 2021. EEA Report 13/2021. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • EUROSTAT (2022a). EU’s energy import dependency decreased in 2020. 9th of February 2022. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/EDN-20220209- 1#:~:text=In por 100202020 por 1002C por 10020the por 10020EU por 10020imported, por 1002Dtime por 10020high por 10020of por 1002060.5 por 10025
  • EUROSTAT (2022b). EU imports of energy products - recent developments. April 2022. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=EU_imports_ of_energy_products_-_recent_developments#Overview
  • EUROSTAT (no fechado). From where do we import energy? https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/infographs/energy/bloc-2c.html
  • FEÁS, E. y STEINBERG, F. (2022). Efectos económicos y geopolíticos de la invasión de Ucrania. Real Instituto Elcano. ARI 35/2022. https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/ari35-2022-efectos-economicos-y-geopoliticosde-la-invasion-de-ucrania.pdf
  • FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANISATION (FAO) (2022). The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict. Information note. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/faoweb/2022/Info-Note-Ukraine-Russian-Federation.pdf
  • GLOBAL METHANE PLEDGE (no fechado). Fast action on methane to keep a 1,5 °C future within reach. https://www.globalmethanepledge.org
  • GRANTHAM RESEARCH INSTITUTE (GRI) (2022). Climate Laws of the World database. https://climate-laws.org/geographies/european-union
  • HERRANZ-SURRALLÉS, A. (2015). European External Energy Policy: Governance, Diplomacy and Sustainability. En A. K. AARSTAD, E. DRIESKENS, K. E. JØRGENSEN, K. LAATIKAINEN y B. TONRA (eds.), Sage Handbook of European Foreign Policy. London: Sage.
  • HILDINGSSON, R., STIPPLER, J. y JORDAN, A. (2010). Renewable energies: a continuing balancing act? En JORDAN ET AL., Climate Change Policy in the European Union. Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation, pp., 103-124. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • HOMEYER, I., OBERTHÜR, S. y JORDAN, A. (2021). EU climate and energy governance in times of crisis: towards a new agenda. Journal of European Public Policy. 28:7, pp. 959-979, DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2021.1918221
  • HUTHA, K. (2021). The scope of state sovereignty under article 194(2) TFEU and the evolution of EU competences in the energy sector. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 70, pp. 991-1010.
  • INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (2021). Key World Energy Statistics 2021. France: IEA. Available on-line at: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/52f66a88-0b634ad2-94a5-29d36e864b82/KeyWorldEnergyStatistics2021.pdf
  • IRENA (2021). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2020. International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. ISBN 978-92-9260-348-9.
  • JORDAN, A. y MOORE, B. (2022). The durability–flexibility dialectic: the evolution of decarbonisation policies in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy. DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2022.2042721
  • JORDAN, A., HUITEMA, D. VAN ASSELT, H., RAYNER, T. y BERKHOUT, F. (2010). Climate Change Policy in the European Union. Confronting the Dilemmas of Mitigation and Adaptation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • LÁZARO TOUZA, L. (2010). Cambio climático: frenazo en Copenhague; próxima estación: México 2010 (COP16). Área: Economía y Comercio Internacional - ARI n.º 9/20010. https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/ari9-2010-lazaro-cambio-climatico-copenhague-mexico-1.pdf
  • LÁZARO-TOUZA, L. (2018). Governing the Geopolitics of Climate Change after the Paris Agreement. En J. CONSIDINE (Ed.), Handbook of Energy Politics, pp. 435-482. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. ISBN: 978-1-78471-230-3.
  • LÁZARO TOUZA, L., AVERCHENKOVA, A. y ESCRIBANO FRANCÉS, G. (2022). Highimpact green recovery in the EU¯s “big five” (emitters): key elements and caveats. Elcano policy Paper, March 2022. https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/policy-paper-high-impact-green-recovery-in-the-eusbig-five-emitters-key-elements-and-caveats.pdf
  • LÁZARO TOUZA, L. y GÓMEZ DE ÁGREDA, A. (2020). Integrating Climate Change Action into EU Security Policy. En E. CONDE PÉREZ, Z. V. YANEVA y M. SCOPETELLI (eds.), Routledge Handbook of EU Security Law and Policy, pp. 239- 265. London: Routledge.
  • LENTON, T., ROCKSTRÖM, J., GAFFNEY, O., RAHMSTORF, S., RICHARDSON, K., STEFFEN, W. y SCHELLNHUBER, H. J. (2019). Climate tipping points – too risky to bet against. Nature, 575, pp. 592-595. https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-019-03595-0/d41586-019-035950.pdf
  • MENGOLINI, A. y MASERA, M. (2021). EU Energy Policy: A Socio-Energy Perspective for an Inclusive Energy Transition. En M. WEIJNEN, Z. LUKSZO y S. FARAHANI (eds.), Shaping an Inclusive Energy Transition, pp. 141- 161. Springer Nature. ISBN: 978-30- 3074-586-8.
  • NEUMAYER, E. (2013). Weak versus Strong Sustainability. Exploring the limits of two opposing paradigms. 4th edition. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • OBERTHÜR, S. y DUPONT, C. (2021). The European Union¯s international climate leadership: towards a grand climate strategy? Journal of European Public Policy, 28:7, pp. 1095-1114, DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2021.1918218
  • OFICINA ESPAÑOLA DE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO (OECC) (2021). Nota de los principales resultados de la COP26. Secretaría de Estado de Medio Ambiente. Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico. https://www.miteco.gob.es/images/es/211116notaresultadoscop26web_tcm30-533068.pdf
  • OLABE, A. (2020), Acuerdo climático Europa-China: construyendo el éxito de la crucial cumbre de Glasgow. Documento de trabajo, 18/2020 - 3/9/2020 - Real Instituto Elcano. https://media.realinstitutoelcano.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/dt18-2020-olabe-acuerdo-climatico-europa-china-construyendo-exito-de-crucial-cumbre-de-glasgow.pdf
  • OLIVER, J. G. J. (2022). Trends in Global CO2 and Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2021. Summary Report. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2022-trends-in-global-co2-and-total-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2021-summary-report_4758.pdf
  • PARKER, C. F. y KARLSSON, C. (2018). EU climate leadership in Katowice helped deliver the deal on the Paris Agreement rulebook. LSE blog: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2018/12/20/eu-climate-leadership-in-katowice-helped-deliver-the-deal-on-the-paris-agreement-rulebook/
  • PARKER, C. F., KARLSSON, C. y HJERPER, M. (2017). Assessing the European Union’s global climate change leadership: from Copenhagen to the Paris Agreement. Journal of European Integration, 39(2), pp. 239-252.
  • PÖRTNER, H. et al. (2022). Technical Summary. IPCC WGII Sixth Assessment Report Technical Summary. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_TechnicalSummary.pdf
  • SEO BIRDLIFE Y CSIC (2022). Planificación de Renovables Responsables. https://seo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Renovables-Responsables-PLANIFICACION-DE-ENERGIAS-RENOVABLES-RESPONSABLES.pdf
  • SIDDI, M. (no fechado). The EU’s Energy Union: A Sustainable Path to Energy Security? Institute of Energy for South East Europe (IENE).
  • UK COP26 (2021). Climate finance delivery plan: meeting the US$100 billion goal. https://ukcop26.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Climate-Finance-Delivery-Plan-1.pdf
  • UN (2015). Decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties. FCCC/ CP/2015/10/Add.1. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf
  • UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP) (2021). Adaptation Gap Report 2021: The gathering storm – Adapting to climate change in a post-pandemic world. Nairobi.
  • UNFCCC (2021). COP26: Update to the NDC Synthesis Report. https://unfccc.int/news/cop26-update-to-the-ndc-synthesis-report
  • WILSON, A. (2021). Revision of the Renewable Energy Directive: Fit for 55 package. EU legislation in progress. European Parliament riefing Service (EPBS). PE 698.781 – December 2021. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/698781/EPRS_BRI(2021)698781_EN.pdf
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet