Autoestima, autocompasión y afecto positivo y negativo en víctimas y agresores de bullyingEstudio comparativo con medidas autoinformadas e informadas por pares

  1. Juan Múzquiz 1
  2. Ana M. Pérez-García 1
  3. José Bermúdez 1
  1. 1 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, España
Revista:
Revista de psicopatología y psicología clínica

ISSN: 1136-5420

Año de publicación: 2021

Volumen: 26

Número: 1

Páginas: 23-33

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.5944/RPPC.28156 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Revista de psicopatología y psicología clínica

Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible

Resumen

Bullying is a prevalent problem with numerous negative consequences in psychological adjustment, especially for victims. However, most research on the topic is based on self-report measures subject to several biases and other limitations. The present study assessed self-esteem, positive and negative affect and self-compassion in 649 adolescents classified into victims, bullies, bully-victims and not involved students through peer- and self-report measures. Results showed that considering oneself a bully or a victim was associated with the psychological outcomes, being so in peer-report measures. Also, in selfreport measures, not involved participants showed higher levels of self-compassion than the other groups. The present research highlights the importance of including self-report and peer-report measures of bullying when studying the psychological adjustment of victims and bullies.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Avilés, J. M., Irurtia, M. J., García-Lopez, L. J., y Caballo, V. E. (2011). El maltrato entre iguales:" Bullying". Psicología Conductual, 19(1), 57-90.
  • Babarro, J. M. (2014). Assessment and detection of peer-bullying through analysis of the group context. Psicothema, 26(3), 357-363.
  • Bang, Y. R., y Park, J. H. (2017). Psychiatric disorders and suicide attempts among adolescents victimized by school bullying. Australasian Psychiatry, 25(4), 376-380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856217715987
  • Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., y Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1529-1006.01431
  • Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., y Kaukiainen, A. (1992). The development of direct and indirect aggressive strategies in males and females. En K. Björkqvist y P. Niemela (Eds.), Of mice and women: Aspects of female aggression (pp. 51-64). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-102590-8.50010-6
  • Bluth, K., y Blanton, P. W. (2015). The influence of self-compassion on emotional well-being among early and older adolescent males and females. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(3), 219-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.936967
  • Bluth, K., y Neff, K. D. (2018). New frontiers in understanding the benefits of self-compassion. Self and Identity, 17(6), 605-608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1508494
  • Brunstein Klomek, A., Barzilay, S., Apter, A., Carli, V., Hoven, C. W., Sarchiapone, M., ... Brunner, R. (2019). Bi‐directional longitudinal associations between different types of bullying victimization, suicide ideation/attempts, and depression among a large sample of European adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(2), 209-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12951
  • Castilho, P., Carvalho, S. A., Marques, S., y Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2017). Self-compassion and emotional intelligence in adolescence: A multigroup mediational study of the impact of shame memories on depressive symptoms. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(3), 759-768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0613-4
  • Cerezo, F. (2009). Bullying: Análisis de la situación en las aulas españolas. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 9(3), 383-394.
  • Craig, W., Harel-Fisch, Y., Fogel-Grinvald, H., Dostaler, S., Hetland, J., Simons-Morton, B., . . . Due, P. (2009). A cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 54(2), 216-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-5413-9
  • Crick, N. R., y Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social‐psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66(3), 710-722. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131945
  • Díaz-Aguado Jalón, M. J., Martínez Arias, R., y Martín Babarro, J. (2013). El acoso entre adolescentes en España. Prevalencia, papeles adoptados por todo el grupo y características a las que atribuyen la victimización. Revista de Educación, 362, 348-379. http://www.revistaeducacion.educacion.es/doi/362_164.pdf
  • Echeburúa, E., y Arbona, C. B. (1995). Evaluación y tratamiento de la fobia social. Martínez Roca.
  • Edwards, M., Adams, E. M., Waldo, M., Hadfield, O. D., y Biegel, G. M. (2014). Effects of a mindfulness group on Latino adolescent students: Examining levels of perceived stress, mindfulness, self-compassion, and psychological symptoms. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 39(2), 145-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01933922.2014.891683
  • Estévez, E., Murgui, S., y Musitu, G. (2009). Psychological adjustment in bullies and victims of school violence. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 24(4), 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03178762
  • Galla, B. M. (2016). Within-person changes in mindfulness and self-compassion predict enhanced emotional well-being in healthy, but stressed adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 49, 204-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.016
  • Garcia-Campayo, J., Navarro-Gil, M., Andrés, E., Montero-Marin, J., López-Artal, L., & Demarzo, M. M. P. (2014). Validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-12-4
  • Germer, C. K., y Neff, K. D. (2013). Self‐compassion in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(8), 856-867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22021
  • Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., y Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self‐report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511
  • Hinduja, S., y Patchin, J. W. (2019). Connecting adolescent suicide to the severity of bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 18(3), 333-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417
  • Houbre, B., Tarquinio, C., Thuillier, I., y Hergott, E. (2006). Bullying among students and its consequences on health. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 21(2), 183-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03173576
  • Játiva, R., y Cerezo, M. A. (2014). The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between victimization and psychological maladjustment in a sample of adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(7), 1180-1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.04.005
  • Khatri, P., Kupersmidt, J. B., y Patterson, C. (2000). Aggression and peer victimization as predictors of self‐reported behavioral and emotional adjustment. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 26(5), 345-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(2000)26:5%3C345::AID-AB1%3E3.0.CO;2-L
  • Kochel, K. P., Ladd, G. W., y Rudolph, K. D. (2012). Longitudinal associations among youth depressive symptoms, peer victimization, and low peer acceptance: An interpersonal process perspective. Child Development, 83(2), 637-650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01722.x
  • Kowalski, R. M., y Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), S13-S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018
  • Leary, M. R., y Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1-62). Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(00)80003-9
  • Lie, S. Ø, Rø, Ø, y Bang, L. (2019). Is bullying and teasing associated with eating disorders? A systematic review and meta‐analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(5), 497-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.23035
  • López, A., Sanderman, R., Smink, A., Zhang, Y., Van Sonderen, E., Ranchor, A., y Schroevers, M. J. (2015). A reconsideration of the self-compassion scale’s total score: Self-compassion versus self-criticism. PloS One, 10(7), e0132940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132940
  • MacDonald, J. M., Piquero, A. R., Valois, R. F., y Zullig, K. J. (2005). The relationship between life satisfaction, risk-taking behaviors, and youth violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(11), 1495-1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260505278718
  • Magaz, A., Chorot, P., Sandín, B., Santed, M.A. y Valiente, R.M. (2011). Estilos de apego y acoso entre iguales (bullying) en adolescentes. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 16(3), 207-221. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.vol.16.num.3.2011.10362
  • Magaz, A., Chorot, P., Santed, M.A., Valiente, R.M. y Sandín, B. (2016). Evaluación del bullying como victimización: Estructura, fiabilidad y validez del Cuestionario de Acoso entre Iguales (CAI). Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 21(2), 77-95. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.vol.21.num.2.2016.16990
  • Moore, S. E., Norman, R. E., Sly, P. D., Whitehouse, A. J., Zubrick, S. R., y Scott, J. (2014). Adolescent peer aggression and its association with mental health and substance use in an Australian cohort. Journal of Adolescence, 37(1), 11-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.10.006
  • Moore, S. E., Norman, R. E., Suetani, S., Thomas, H. J., Sly, P. D., y Scott, J. G. (2017). Consequences of bullying victimization in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Psychiatry, 7(1), 60-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.60
  • Natvig, G. K., Albrektsen, G., y Qvarnstrøm, U. (2001). School-related stress experience as a risk factor for bullying behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(5), 561-575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010448604838
  • Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
  • Neff, K. D. (2009). The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. Human Development, 52(4), 211-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000215071
  • Obando, D., Trujillo, Á., y Prada, M. (2018). Conducta autolesiva no suicida en adolescentes y su relación con factores personales y contextuales. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 23(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rppc.vol.23.num.3.2018.21278
  • Olweus, D. (1994). Long-term outcomes for victims and an effective school-based intervention program. En L.R. Huesman (ED.), Aggressive Behavior: Current Perspectives, (pp. 97-130). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9116-7_5
  • Olweus, D. (1996). The Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Bergen, Norway: Research Center for Health Promotion (HEMIL center), Universidad de Bergen.
  • Pedreira-Massa, J. L. (2019). Conductas suicidas en la adolescencia: Una guía práctica para la intervención y la prevención. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 24(3), 217-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rppc.26280
  • Pellegrini, A. D., Bartini, M., y Brooks, F. (1999). School bullies, victims, and aggressive victims: Factors relating to group affiliation and victimization in early adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(2), 216-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.91.2.216
  • Rigby, K., y Slee, P. T. (1991). Bullying among Australian school children: Reported behavior and attitudes toward victims. The Journal of Social Psychology, 131(5), 615-627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1991.9924646
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Measures Package, 61(52), 18.
  • Salmivalli, C., Kaukiainen, A., Kaistaniemi, L., y Lagerspetz, K. M. (1999). Self-evaluated self-esteem, peer-evaluated self-esteem, and defensive egotism as predictors of adolescents’ participation in bullying situations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(10), 1268-1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167299258008
  • Salmivalli, C., y Nieminen, E. (2002). Proactive and reactive aggression among school bullies, victims, and bully‐victims. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 28(1), 30-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.90004
  • Sandín, B. (2003). Escalas PANAS de afecto positivo y negativo para niños y adolescentes (PANASN). Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 8(2), 173-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rppc.vol.8.num.2.2003.3953
  • Schwartz, D., Gorman, A. H., Nakamoto, J., y Toblin, R. L. (2005). Victimization in the peer group and children's academic functioning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(3), 425-435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.425
  • Smith, P. K., López-Castro, L., Robinson, S., y Görzig, A. (2019). Consistency of gender differences in bullying in cross-cultural surveys. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 33-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.04.006
  • Solberg, M. E., y Olweus, D. (2003). Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 29(3), 239-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ab.10047
  • Swearer, S. M., Song, S. Y., Cary, P. T., Eagle, J. W., y Mickelson, W. T. (2001). Psychosocial correlates in bullying and victimization: The relationship between depression, anxiety, and bully/victim status. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2(2-3), 95-121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J135v02n02_07
  • Sweeting, H., Young, R., West, P., y Der, G. (2006). Peer victimization and depression in early–mid adolescence: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(3), 577-594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000709905X49890
  • Trach, J., Hymel, S., Waterhouse, T., & Neale, K. (2010). Bystander responses to school bullying: A cross-sectional investigation of grade and sex differences. Canadian journal of school psychology, 25(1), 114-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0829573509357553
  • Vigna, A. J., Poehlmann-Tynan, J., y Koenig, B. W. (2018). Does self-compassion facilitate resilience to stigma? A school-based study of sexual and gender minority youth. Mindfulness, 9(3), 914-924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0831-x
  • Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Martell, B. N., Holland, K. M., y Westby, R. (2014). A systematic review and content analysis of bullying and cyber-bullying measurement strategies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(4), 423-434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.06.008
  • Xavier, A., Gouveia, J. P., y Cunha, M. (2016). Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: The role of shame, self-criticism and fear of self-compassion. Child y Youth Care Forum, 45(4), 571-586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10566-016-9346-1
  • Zeller, M., Yuval, K., Nitzan-Assayag, Y., y Bernstein, A. (2015). Self-compassion in recovery following potentially traumatic stress: Longitudinal study of at-risk youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(4), 645-653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9937-y