Libertad religiosa y libertad del acto de feel arbitraje de Constantino en los primeros conflictos cristianos de su tiempo (311-324)

  1. Alba López, Almudena 1
  1. 1 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
    info

    Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/02msb5n36

Revista:
Espacio, tiempo y forma. Serie II, Historia antigua

ISSN: 1130-1082

Any de publicació: 2021

Número: 34

Pàgines: 243-262

Tipus: Article

DOI: 10.5944/ETFII.34.2021.29016 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAccés obert editor

Altres publicacions en: Espacio, tiempo y forma. Serie II, Historia antigua

Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible

Resum

Ever since the so-called Edict of Milan was issued in 313, Emperor Constantine implemented a tolerance-based religious policy in which his intervention, both personally and by proxy, played an essential role. Tolerance would ultimately fail due to the many religious conflicts and constant doctrinal disagreements between various Christian groups, requiring new solutions in order to rule over a more peaceful population. The will to reach a doctrinal consensus that would not undermine the emperor’s powers in the management and arbitration of religious matters, as well as intervention by civil authority in fields that traditionally fell under ecclesiastic jurisdiction, would give rise to a confrontation with part of the Church which, remaining loyal to the doctrinal postulates that emerged from the Council of Nicaea and the exclusive acknowledgement of Episcopal authority in ecclesiastic jurisdiction, would resist the emperor’s strategy to reach a consensus in religious matters.

Referències bibliogràfiques

  • Alexander, David C.: «Rethinking Constantine’s Interaction with the North African ‘Donatist’ Schism» en Rethinking Constantine, History, Theology, and Legacy, Smither, Edward. L. (ed.) Pickwick Publications, Eugene, 2014, pp. 37-90.
  • Arnold, Duane W.H: The Early Episcopal Career of Athanasius of Alexandria, Notre Dame, Notre Dame University Press, 1991.
  • Assmann, Jan: Die Mosaische Unterscheidung oder der Preis des Monotheismus, München, Carl Hanser Verlag, 2003.
  • Athanassiadi, Polymnia: Vers la pensée unique: la montée de l’intolérance dans la’Antiquité tardive, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2010.
  • Barnes, Timothy D.: «Lactantius and Constantine», Journal of Roman Studies 63, 1973, pp. 29-46.
  • Barnes, Timothy D.: Constantine and Eusebius, Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard University Press, 1981.
  • Barnes, Timothy D.: «Constantine’s Prohibition of Pagan Sacrifice», The American Journal of Philology 105, 1984, pp. 69-72.
  • Barnes, Timothy D.: Athanasius and Constantius. Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire, Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard University Press, 2001.
  • Barnes, Timothy D.: «From Toleration to Repression: the Evolution of Constantine’s Religious Policies», Scripta Classica Israelitica 21, 2002, pp. 189-207.
  • Barnes, Timothy D.: Constantine. Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire, Chichester, Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
  • Bloch, René: «Polytheismus und Monotheismus in der paganen Antike: Zu Jan Assmanns Monotheismus-Kritik», en Fremdbilder-Selbstbilder. Imaginationem des Judentums von der Antike bis in die Neuzeit, Bloch, René et al. (ed.), Basel, Verlag Scwabe: 2010, pp. 5-24.
  • Boicu, Dragoş: «The Consolidation of Donatism in the First Half of the Fourth Century», Studia Universitatis, Theologia Orthodoxa 64, 2019, pp. 83-100.
  • Bonamente, Giorgio: «Costantino e l’editto ai ‘provinciali d’Oriente’» en Vilella Masana, Josep: Constantino, ¿el primer emperador cristiano? Religión y política en el siglo IV, Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015, pp. 271-288.
  • Bradbury, Scott: «Constantine and the Problem of Anti–Pagan Legislation in the Fourth Century», Classical Philology 89, 1994, pp. 120-139.
  • Bremmer, Jan: «Religious Violence and Its Roots. A View from Antiquity», ASDIWAL, Révue genevoise d’antrhropologie et d’histoire des religions 6, 2011, pp. 71-79.
  • Calderone, Salvatore: Costantino e il cattolicesimo, Firenze, Le Monnier, 1962.
  • Canella, Tessa: Il «peso della tolleranza». Cristianesimo antico e alterità, Brescia, Morcelliana, 2017.
  • Carotenuto, Erica: «Six Constantinian Documents (Eus. H.E. 10, 5–7», Vigiliae Christianae, 56, 2002, pp. 56–74.
  • Corke-Webster, James: «Emperors, Bishops, Art and Jusrisprudence: the Transformation of Law in Eusebius of Caesarea», Early Medieval Europe 27, 1, 2019, pp. 12-34.
  • Corsaro, Francesco: «La pace religiosa nella ‘Realpolitik’ costantiniana», Quaderni catanesi di studi classici e medievali 10, 1988, pp. 221–237.
  • Chrysos, Evangelos: «Die angebliche “nobilitierung” des Klerus durch Kaiser Konstantin den Grossen», Historia 18, 1969, pp. 119–128.
  • De Decker, Daniel, Depuis-Masay, Ginette: «L’épiscopat de l’empereur Constantin», Byzantion 50, 1980, pp. 118-157.
  • Di Berardino, Angelo: «L’immagine del vescovo attraverso I suoi titoli nel Codice Teodosiano» en L’évêque dans la cité du IV au V siècle: image et autorité, Rébillard, Éric y Sotinel, Claire (eds.), Roma, École française de Rome, 1998, pp. 35–48.
  • Digeser, Elizabeth D.: The Making of a Christian Empire. Lactantius and Rome, Ithaca/London, Cornell University Press, 2000.
  • Digeser, Elizabeth D.: A Thread to Public Piety. Christians, Platonist, and the Great Persecution, Ithaca/London, Cornell University Press, 2012.
  • Dossey, Leslie: Peasant and Empire in Christian North Africa, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2010.
  • Drake, Harold A.:«Lambs into Lions: Explaining Early Christian Intolerance», Past and Present 153, 1996, pp. 3-36.
  • Drake, Harold A.: Constantine and the Bishops. The Politics of Intolerance, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
  • Drake, Harold A.: «The Impact of Constantine on Christianity», en The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, Lenski, Noel (ed.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 111–136.
  • Drake, Harold A.: «Monotheism and Violence», Journal of Late Antiquity 6, 2013, pp. 251–263.
  • Dupont, Clémence: «Les privileges des clercs sous Constantin», Revue d’Histoire Ecclésiastique 62, 1972, pp. 729-752.
  • Duval, Yvette: Chrétienes d’Afrique à l’aube de la paix constantinienne. Les premiers échos de la grande persécution, Paris, Institut d’Études Augustiniennes, 2000.
  • Errington, Malcolm R.: «Constantine and the Pagans», Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 29, 1998, pp. 308-318.
  • Escribano, María V.: «El edicto de Constantino contra los heréticos. La desviación religiosa como categoría legal», en Vilella Masana, Josep: Constantino, ¿el primer emperador cristiano? Religión y política en el siglo IV, Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015, pp. 376-392.
  • Farina, Raffaele: L’Impero e l’imperatore cristiano in Eusebio di Cesarea. La prima teología política del cristianesimo, Zürich, Pas Verlag, 1966.
  • Farina, Raffaele: «Eusebio di Cesarea e la svolta costantiniana», Augustinianum 26, 1986, pp. 313-322.
  • Farina, Raffaele: «Costantino il Grande, primo imperatore cristiano. L’imperatore e il vescovo bibliotecario di Cesarea», en Vilella Masana, Josep: Constantino, ¿el primer emperador cristiano? Religión y política en el siglo IV, Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015, pp. 31-36.
  • Fontaine, Jacques y Perrin, Michel-Yves (eds.): Lactance et son temps. Recherches actuelles. Actes du IVe Colloque de Études Historiques et Patristiques, Chantilly, 21–23 septembre 1976, Paris, Beauchesne, 1978.
  • Gaddis, Michael: There is no Crime for Those who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2005.
  • Garnsey, Peter: «Religious Toleration in Classical Antiquity», in Persecution and Toleration, Studies in Church History, vol. 21, Sheils, William J. (ed.), Oxford, Blackwell, 1984, pp. 1-27.
  • Gaudemet, Jean: «La politique religieuse imperial au IVe siècle (envers les païens, les juifs, les hérétiques, les donatistes)», en La legislazione imperiale e religiosa nel IV secolo, Gaudemet, Jean, Siniscalco, Paolo, Falchi, Gian Luigi (eds.), Roma, Istituto Patristico Augustinianum, 2000, pp. 7-66.
  • Giagnorio, Michele: «Ideological Premises and Legal Strategies in the Turning Point in Constantine’s Attitude towards Christian Communities», en Beyond Intolerance. The Milan Meeting in AD 313 and the Evolution of Imperial Religious Policy from the Age of the Tetrarchs to Julian the Apostate, Dainese, Davide y Gheller, Viola (eds.), Turnhout: Brepols, 2018, pp. 129–150.
  • Girardet, Klaus M.: Kaisergericht und Bischofsgericht. Studien zu den Anfängen des Donatistenstreites (313–315) und zum Prozeß des Athanasius von Alexandrien (328–346), Antiquitas 1, 21, Bonn, R. Habelt, 1975.
  • Girardet, Klaus M.:«Das chrtistliche Priestertum Konstantins des Grossen. Ein Aspekt der Herrscheridee des Eusebius von Caesarea», Chiron 10, 1980, pp. 569-592.
  • Girardet, Klaus M.: Die Konstantinische Wende. Voraussetzungen und geistige Grundlagen der Religionspolitik Konstantins des Grossen, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Bushgesellsschaft, 2006.
  • Girardet, Klaus M.: Der Kaiser und sein Gott. Das Christentum im Denken und in der Religionspolitik Konstantins des Grossen, Millennium Studies, 27, Berlin/New York, De Gruyter, 2010.
  • Girardet, Klaus M.: «Libertas religionis. ‘Religionsfreiheit’ bei Tertullian und Laktanz. Zwei Skizzen», en Römische Jurisprudenz. Dogmatik, Überlieferung, Rezeption. Festschrift für Detlef Liebs zum 75. Geburtstag, Muscheler, Karlheinz (ed.), Berlin: Duncker & Humblot GmbH, 2011, pp. 205-266.
  • González Salinero, Raúl, «Entre la permisividad y el desprecio: los judíos en la legislación de Constantino», en Vilella Masana, Josep: Constantino, ¿el primer emperador cristiano? Religión y política en el siglo IV, Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015, pp. 401-410.
  • Grillmeier, Aloys: Christ in the Christian Tradition, vol. 1, Atlanta, John Knox Press, 1986.
  • Hanson, Richard P.C.: The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God. The Arian Controversy 318–381, Edinburgh, T&T Clark, 2005.
  • Harries, Jill: Imperial Rome AD 284–363. The New Empire, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2012.
  • Heim, François: «L’influence exercée par Constantin sur Lactance: sa théologie de la victoire», en Lactance et son temps. Recherches actuelles. Actes du IVe Colloque de Études Historiques et Patristiques, Chantilly, 21–23 septembre 1976, Fontaine, Jacques y Perrin, Michel-Yves (eds.), Paris, Beauchesne, 1978, pp. 55-74.
  • Heim, François: La théologie de la victoire de Constantine à Théodose, Paris, Beauchesne, 1992.
  • Hollerich, Michael J.: «Religion and Politics in the Writings of Eusebius: Reassessing the First ‘Court Theologian’», Church History 59, 3, 1990, pp. 309–325.
  • Hollerich, Michael J.: Eusebius of Caesarea’s Commentary on Isaiah. Christian Exegesis in the Age of Constantine, Oxford/NewYork, Clarendon Press, 1999.
  • Hoover, Jesse A.: The Donatist Church in an Apocalyptic Age, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • Humfress, Caroline: «Roman Law, Forensic Argument and the Formation of Christian Orthodoxy (III–VI Centuries)», en Orthodoxie, christianisme, histoire, Elm, Susana, Rebillard, Éric, Romano, Antonella (eds.), Roma, École Française de Rome, 2000, pp. 125-147.
  • Humfress, Caroline: Orthodoxy and the Courts in Late Antiquity, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 153–173.
  • Humfress, Caroline: «Bishops and Law Courts in Late Antiquity: How to (Not) Make Sense of the Legal Evidence», Journal of Early Christian Studies 19, 2011, pp. 375–400.
  • Jacobsen, Anders C., Kahlos, Maijastina, Ulrich, Jörg (eds.): Changes and Continuities in Christian Apologetic, Early Christianity in the Context of Antiquity, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2009.
  • Jerg, Ernst: Vir venerabilis: Untersuchungen zur Titulatur der Bischöfe in den ausserkirchlichen. Texten der Spätantike ald Beitrag zur Deutung ihrer öffentlichen Stellung, Wien: Herder, 1970.
  • Kahlos, Maijastina: Forbearance and Complusion. The Rhetoric of Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Late Antiquity, London, Duckworth, 2009.
  • Kahlos, Maijastina: «The Rhetoric of Tolerance and Intolerance–From Lactantius to Firmicus Maternus» en Changes and Continuities in Christian Apologetic, Early Christianity in the Context of Antiquity, Jacobsen, Anders C., Kahlos, Maijastina, Ulrich, Jörg (eds.), Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2009, pp. 79-95.
  • Klauser, Theodor: Der Ursprung der bischöflichen Insignien und Ehrenrechte, Krefeld: Scherpe Verlag, 1952.
  • Kraft, Heinrich: Kaiser Konstantins religiöse Entwicklung, Beiträge zur historischen Theologie, 20, Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 1955.
  • Labrousse, Mireille: «Le Constantine d’Optat de Milève: l’empereur serviteur de Dieu (IV siècle)», en, Antiquité tardive et humanisme. De Tertullien a Beatus Rhenanus. Mélanges offerts a François Heim à l’occasion de son 70e anniversaire, Lehmann, Yves, Freyburger, Gérard, Hirstein, James (eds.), Turnhout, Brepols, 2005, pp. 237–256.
  • Lamoreaux, John C.: «Episcopal Courts in Late Antiquity», Journal of Early Christian Studies 3, 1995, pp. 143–167.
  • Ledegang, Fred: «Eusebius’ View on Constantine and His Policy», en Violence in Ancient Christianity: Victims and Perpetrators, Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 125, Geljon, Albert C., Roukema, Riemer (eds.), Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2014, pp. 56-75.
  • Lenski, Noel (ed.): The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Lenski, Noel: «Constantine and the Donatists. Exploring the Limits of Religious Toleration» en Religiöse Toleranz. 1700 Jahre nach dem Edikt von Mailand. Colloquia Raurica 14, Wallraff, Martin (ed.), Berlin, De Gruyter, 2015, pp. 101–139.
  • Lenski, Noel: «Imperial Legislation and the Donatist Controversy: from Constantine to Honorius», en The Donatist Schism. Controversy and Contexts, Miles, Richard (ed.), Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 2016, pp. 166-219.
  • Lenski, Noel: Constantine and the Cities: Imperial Authority and Civil Politics, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.
  • Lenski, Noel, «The Significance of the Edict of Milan», en Constantine: Religious Faith and Imperial Policy, Siecienski, Edward, (ed.), London/New York, Routledge, 2017, pp. 27-56.
  • Lettieri, Gaetano: «Lattanzio ideologo della svolta costantiniana», en Costantino I. Enciclopedia costantiniana sulla figura e l’immagine dell’imperatore del cosidetto Editto di Milano 313–2013, vol. 2, Melloni, Alberto (ed.), Roma, Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana, 2013, pp. 45–57.
  • Linder, Amnon: The Jews in the Roman Imperial Legislation, Detroit/Jerusalem, Wayne State University Press, 1987.
  • Loose, Uta: «Zur Chronologie des arianischen Streites», Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte 101, 1990, pp. 393-400.
  • Losehand, Joachim: «The Religious Harmony in the Ancient World: vom Mythos religiöser Toleranz in der Antike», Göttinger Forum für Altertumswiessenschaft 12, 2009, pp. 99-132.
  • Lössl, Josef: «Imperial Involvement in Education and Theology–Constantine to Constantius II», Journal for Late Antiquity Religion and Culture 13, 2019, pp. 22-41.
  • Lyman, Rebecca: «A Topography of Heresy: Mapping the Rhetorical Creation of Arianism», en Arianism after Arius: Essays on the Development of the Fourth Century Trinitarian Conflicts. Barnes, Michel R., Williams, Daniel H. (ed.), Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1993, pp. 45–62.
  • Maier, Jean Louis: Le dossier du donatisme: Des origines à la mort de Constance (306–361), Texte und Untersuchungen Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur 134, vol. 1, Berlin, De Gruyter, 1987.
  • Marcone, Arnaldo: «Lattanzio e Costantino», en Constantino, ¿el primer emperador cristiano? Religión y política en el siglo IV, Vilella Masana, Josep (ed.), Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015, pp. 21-30.
  • Markschies, Christoph: «The Price of Monotheism: Some New Observations on a Current Debate about Late Antiquity», en One God. Pagan Monotheism in the Roman Empire, Mitchell, Stephen, Van Nuffelen, Peter, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 100-111.
  • Marone, Paola: «Some observations on the Anti–Donatist Legislation», en The Uniquely African Controversy. Studies on Donatist Christianity, Dupont, Anthony, Gaumer, Matthew A., Lamberigts, Mathijs (eds.), Leuven, Peeters, 2015, pp. 71-84.
  • Mazzuco, Clementina: «Gli apostoli del diavolo: gli eretici nella Storia ecclesiastica di Eusebio di Cesarea», Augustinianum 25, 1985, pp. 749–781.
  • Minale, Valerio M: .Legislazione imperiale e manicheismo da Diocleziano a Costantino. Genesi di un’eresía, Napoli, Jovene, 2013.
  • Muscheler, Karlheinz (ed.), Römische Jurisprudenz. Dogmatik, Überlieferung, Rezeption. Festschrift für Detlef Liebs zum 75. Geburtstag, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot GmbH, 2011.
  • Noethlichs, Karl L.: Die Juden im christlichen Imperium Romanum (4.–6. Jahrhundert). Studienbücher Geschichte und Kultur der Alten Welt, Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2001.
  • Noethlichs, Karl L.: «Éthique chrétienne dans la législation de Constantin le Grand?», en Le Code Theodosien. Diversité des approches et nouvelles perspectives, Crogiez–Pétréquin, Sylvie, Jaillette, Pierre (eds.), Roma, École française de Rome, 2009, pp. 225-237.
  • Opitz, Hans-Georg: «Die Zeitfolge des arianischen Streites von den Anfängen bis zum Jahr 328», Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 33, 1934.
  • Parkes, James: «Jews and Christians in Constantinian Empire», en Papers Read at the First Winter and Summer Meetings of the Ecclesiastical History Society, Dugmore, Charles W. y Duggan, Charles (ed.), London: Nelson, 1964, pp. 69-79.
  • Perrin, Michel-Yves: «La ‘révolution constantinienne’ vue à travers l’oeuvre de Lactance (250.325 ap. J.-C)», en L’idée de révolution. Colloque ouvert organisé par le Centre d’Histoire des Idées (Université de Picardie) et dans le cadre du C.E.R.I.C. Cahiers de Fontenay 63/64, Fontenay: Université de Picardie, 1991, pp. 81–94.
  • Perrin, Michel-Yves: «Le dossier du donatisme dans l’Histoire ecclésiastique d’Eusèbe de Césarée», Annuaire de l’École pratique des Hautes Études Section des Sciences Religieuses 117, 2011, pp. 225-230.
  • Perrin, Michel-Yves: «Eusèbe de Césarée, Constantin et le ‘dossier du donatisme’» en Vilella Masana, Josep: Constantino, ¿el primer emperador cristiano? Religión y política en el siglo IV, Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015, pp. 183-192.
  • Pietri, Charles: «Constantin en 324. Propagande et théologie imperiales d’après les documents de la Vita Constantini», Crise et redressement dans les provinces européennes de l’Empire (milieu du IIIe–milieu du IVe siècle ap. J.C.). Actes du colloque de Strasbourg (décembre 1981), Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 1983, pp. 63–90.
  • Pollard, T. Evan: «The Origins of Arianism», Journal of Theological Studies 9, 1958, pp. 103-111.
  • Rapp, Claudia: «Imperial Ideology in the Making: Eusebius of Cesarea on Constantine as Bishop», Journal of Theological Studies 49, 1998, pp. 685-695.
  • Rapp, Claudia: Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity: The Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age of Transition, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2005.
  • Sarefield, Daniel: «Bookburning in the Christian Roman Empire: Transforming a Pagan Rite of Purification», en Violence in Late Antiquity. Perceptions and Practices, Drake, Harold. A. (ed.), Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2006, pp. 287–296.
  • Schott, Jeremy M.: Christianity, Empire and the Making of Religion in Late Antiquity, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
  • Shaw, Brent D.: Sacred Violence: African Christians in the Age of Augustine, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Sheils, William J. (ed.), Persecution and Toleration, Studies in Church History, vol. 21, Oxford, Blackwell, 1984.
  • Siecienski, Edward, (ed.), Constantine: Religious Faith and Imperial Policy, London/New York, Routledge, 2017.
  • Simonetti, Manlio: La crisi ariana nel IV secolo, Roma, Istituto Patristico Augustinianum, 1975.
  • Singh, Devin: «Eusebius as Political Theologian: The Legend Continues», Harvard Theological Review 108, 1, 2015, pp. 129-154.
  • Smither, Edward. L. (ed.): Rethinking Constantine, History, Theology, and Legacy, Pickwick Publications, Eugene, 2014.
  • Stringer, Daniel: «Political Theology in Eusebius Pamphilii, Bishop of Caesarea», Patristic and Byzantine Review, 1, 1982, pp. 137-151.
  • Telfer, William R.: «When Did the Arian Controversy Begin?», Journal of Theological Studies 47, 1946, pp. 129-142.
  • Tilley, Maureen A: The Bible in Christian North Africa. The Donatist World, Minneapolis, Fortress Press, 1997.
  • Tomás García, Jorge: «Testimonios de violencia y destrucción de imágenes en época de Lactancio», Romanitas. Revista de estudios grecolatinos 8, 2016, pp. 148-159.
  • Ulrich, Jörg: Euseb von Caesarea und die Juden. Studien zur Rolle der Juden in der Theologie des Eusebius von Caesarea, Patristische Texte und Studien, 49, Berlin/NewYork, De Gruyter, 1999.
  • Van Nuffelen, Peter, Penser la tolérance dans l’Antiquité tardive. Les conférences de L’École Pratique des Hautes Études 10, Paris, Les Éditions du Cerf, 2018.
  • Wayman, Ben D.: «Lactantius’s Power Struggle. A Theological Analysis of the Divine Institutes, Book V», Political Theology 14, 2013, pp.
  • Williams, George H.: «Christology and Church-State Relations in the Fourth Century», Church History 29, 1952, pp. 3-33.
  • Williams, Rowan: Arius. Heresy and Tradition, Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 2001.
  • Zecchini, Giuseppe: «Costantino episcopus paganorum?», in Costantino prima e dopo Costantino, Bonamente, Giorgio, Lenski, Noel, Lizzi, Rita (eds.), Bari, Edipuglia, 2012, pp. 145-152.
  • Zucotti, Ferdinando: Furor haereticorum. Studi sul trattamento giuridico della follia e sulla persecuzione della eterodossia religiosa nella legislazione nel Tardo impero romano, Milano, Giuffrè, 1992.