Factores de riesgo y de protección asociados al trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo en niños y adolescentesUna revisión sistemática
- Maria Pardo 1
- Bonifacio Sandín 1
- Rosa M. Valiente 1
- Paloma Chorot 1
- 1 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, España
ISSN: 1136-5420
Año de publicación: 2022
Volumen: 27
Número: 3
Páginas: 217-232
Tipo: Artículo
Otras publicaciones en: Revista de psicopatología y psicología clínica
Resumen
El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue examinar los factores de riesgo y de protección asociados al trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC) y a los síntomas del TOC en niños y adolescentes. Llevamos a cabo una búsqueda de la literatura a través de Scopus, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect y PubMed. Se incluyó en la revisión un total de 25 estudios publicados. Examinamos todos los posibles factores de riesgo y/o de protección que fueron asociados al TOC o a síntomas subclínicos del TOC. La mayor parte de los estudios revisados se focalizaron en factores de riesgo y en el TOC. Encontramos diversos tipos de factores de riesgo, incluyendo los factores biológicos (genéticos, perinatales, cerebrales, infecciosos, etc.), personales (sensibilidad a la ansiedad, afecto negativo, inhibición conductual, sentido de responsabilidad, etc.), familiares (estilos de crianza, trauma infantil, etc.), socioeconómicos, y psicosociales (estrés, bajo apoyo social, etc.). La resiliencia y el apoyo social elevado aparecieron como factores de protección. Estos resultados subrayan que varios factores, especialmente factores de riesgo, parecen estar asociados de forma consistente al TOC, los cuales podrían incorporarse en los futuros programas de prevención de este trastorno.
Referencias bibliográficas
- Abramowitz, J. S., Taylor, S., & McKay, D. (2009). Obsessivecompulsive disorder. The Lancet, 374 (9688), 491-499. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60240-3
- American Psychiatric Association (2014). DSM-5: Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (5ª ed.). Editorial Médica Panamericana.
- Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders. The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. The Guilford Press.
- Bolton, D., Rijsdijk, F., Eley, T. C., O’Connor, T. G., Briskman, J., & Perrin, S. (2009). Normative childhood repetitive routines and obsessive-compulsive symptomatology in 6-yearold twins. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(9), 1139-1146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02094.x
- Brakoulias, V., Perkes, I. E., & Tsalamanios, E. (2017). A call for prevention and early intervention in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 12(4), https://doi. org/10.1111/eip.12535
- Brander, G., Perez-Vigil, A., Larsson, H., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2016). Systematic review of environmental risk factors for ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder: A proposed roadmap from association to causation. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 65, 36-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.011
- Brander, G., Rydell, M., Kuja-Halkola, R., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Lichtenstein, P., Serlachius, E., Ruck, C., Almqvist, C., D’Onofrio, B.M., Larsson, H., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2016). Association of perinatal risk factors with obsessivecompulsive disorder: A population-based birth cohort, sibling control study. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(11), 1135-1144. https:// doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2095
- Butwicka, A., & Gmitrowicz, A. (2010). Symptom clusters in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD): influence of age and age of onset. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(4), 365-370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0055-2
- Chabane, N., Delorme, R., Millet, B., Mouren, M. C., Leboyer, M., & Pauls, D. (2005). Early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: A subgroup with a specific clinical and familial pattern? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(8), 881-887. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00382.x
- Chacon, P., Bernardes, E., Faggian, L., Batistuzzo, M., Moriyama, T., Miguel, E. C., & Polanczyk, G. V. (2018). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in children with first degree relatives diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 40(4), 388-393. https://doi. org/10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2321
- Chudal, R., Leivonen, S., Rintala, H., Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki, S., & Sourander, A. (2017). Parental age and the risk of obsessivecompulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome/chronic tic disorder in a nationwide population-based sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 223, 101-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jad.2017.07.033
- De Mathis, M. A., Diniz, J. B., Hounie, A. G., Shavitt, R. G., Fossaluza, V., Ferrão, Y., Leckman, J.L., De Bragança Pereira, C., Do Rosario, M.C., &Miguel, E. C. (2013). Trajectory in obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbidities. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 23(7), 594-601. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.08.006
- Dia, D. A., & Bradshaw, W. (2008). Cognitive risk factors to the development of anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 25(6), 469-481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-008-0156-7
- Evans, D. W., Gray, F. L., & Leckman, J. F. (1999). The rituals, fears and phobias of young children: Insights from development, psychopathology and neurobiology. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 29(4), 261-276. https://doi.org/10.1023/ A:1021392931450
- Fontenelle, L. F., y Hasler, G. (2008). The analytical epidemiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder: risk factors and correlates. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007. 06.024
- Fullana, M. A., Mataix-Cols, D., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Grisham, J. R., Moffitt, T. E., & Poulton, R. (2009). Obsessions and compulsions in the community: Prevalence, interference, help-seeking, developmental stability, and co-occurring psychiatric conditions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(3), 329-336. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08071006
- Gaffrey, M. S., Barch, D. M., & Luby, J. L. (2016). Amygdala reactivity to sad faces in preschool children: An early neural marker of persistent negative affect. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. dcn.2015.12.015
- Geller, D., Biederman, J., Emslie, G., y Carpenter, D. (2001). Comorbid psychiatric illness and response to treatment in pediatric OCD. Conferencia llevada a cabo en el Scientific Proceedings of the American Psychiatric Association, New Orleans, LA.
- Geller, D., Biederman, J., Jones, J., Park, K., Schwartz, S., Shapiro, S., & Coffey, B. (1998). Is juvenile obsessivecompulsive disorder a developmental subtype of the disorder? A review of the pediatric literature. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(4), 420-427. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199804000-00020
- Geller, D. A., Wieland, N., Carey, K., Vivas, F., Petty, C. R., Johnson, J., Reichert, B.S., Pauls, D., & Biederman, J. (2008). Perinatal factors affecting expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 18(4), 373-379.
- Gilbert, K. E., Barclay, M. E., Tillman, R., Barch, D. M., & Luby, J. L. (2018). Associations of observed performance monitoring during preschool with obsessive-compulsive disorder and anterior cingulate cortex volume over 12 years. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(9), 940-948. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2018.1805
- González-Panzano, M., Borao, L., Herrera-Mercadal, P., Campos, D., López-del-Hoyo, Y., Morillo, H., y García-Campayo, J. (2019). Habilidades de mindfulness y cognición social en la predicción de la sintomatología afectiva en la esquizofrenia, el trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo y participantes no clínicos. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 24(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.24170
- Hemmings, S. M. J., Lochner, C., van der Merwe, L., Cath, D. C., Seedat, S., & Stein, D. J. (2013). BDNF Val66Met modifies the risk of childhood trauma on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(12), 1857-1863. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.08.012
- Hjemdal, O., Vogel, P. A., Solem, S., Hagen, K., & Stiles, T. C. (2011). The relationship between resilience and levels of anxiety, depression, and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in adolescents. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(4), 314-321. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.719
- Hofer, P. D., Wahl, K., Meyer, A. H., Miché, M., Beesdo-Baum, K., Wong, S. F., Grisham, J.R., Wittchen, H.U., & Lieb, R. (2018). Obsessive–compulsive disorder and the risk of subsequent mental disorders: A community study of adolescents and young adults. Depression and anxiety, 35(4), 339-345. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22733
- Hopkins, J. R. (2014). Adolescence: The transitional years. Academic Press.
- Ivarsson, T., Melin, K., & Wallin, L. (2008). Categorical and dimensional aspects of co-morbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0626-z
- Joiner, T. E., Schmidt, N. B., Schmidt, K. L., Laurent, J., Catanzaro, S. J., Perez, M., & Pettit, J. W. (2002). Anxiety sensitivity as a specific and unique marker of anxious symptoms in youth psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(2), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014757300294
- Köhler-Forsberg, O., Petersen, L., Gasse, C., Mortensen, P. B., Dalsgaard, S., Yolken, R. H., Mors, O., & Benros, M. E. (2018). A nationwide study in Denmark of the association between treated infections and the subsequent risk of treated mental disorders in children and adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(3), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3428
- Krebs, G. C., Hannigan, L. J., Gregory, A. M., Rijsdijk, F. V., Maughan, B., & Eley, T. C. (2019). Are punitive parenting and stressful life events environmental risk factors for obsessivecompulsive symptoms in youth? A longitudinal twin study. European Psychiatry, 56, 35-42. http://doi.org/10.1016/j. eurpsy.2018.11.004
- Lafleur, D. L., Petty, C., Mancuso, E., McCarthy, K., Biederman, J., Faro, A., Levy, H.C., &Geller, D. A. (2011). Traumatic events and obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: is there a link? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(4), 513-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.12.005
- Lawrence, P. J., & Williams, T. I. (2011). Pathways to inflated responsibility beliefs in adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary investigation. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 39(2), 229-234. https://doi. org/10.1017/S1352465810000810
- Leslie, D. L., Kozma, L., Martin, A., Landeros, A., Katsovich, L., King, R. A., & Leckman, J. F. (2008). Neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection: a casecontrol study among privately insured children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(10), 1166-1172. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181825a3d
- Lomax, C. L., Oldfield, V. B., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2009). Clinical and treatment comparisons between adults with early-and late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(2), 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008. 10.015
- Mahjani, B., Bey, K., Boberg, J., & Burton, C. (2021). Genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Medicine, 51(13), 2247–2259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721001744
- Mataix-Cols, D., Boman, M., Monzani, B., Rück, C., Serlachius, E., Långström, N., & Lichtenstein, P. (2013). Populationbased, multigenerational family clustering study of obsessivecompulsive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(7), 709-717. https:// doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3
- Mathews, C. A., Badner, J. A., Andresen, J. M., Sheppard, B., Himle, J. A., Grant, J. E., Williams, K.A., Chavira, D.A., Azzam, A., Schwartz, M., Reus, V.I., Kim, S.W., Cook, E.H., &Hanna, G. L. (2012). Genome-wide linkage analysis of obsessive-compulsive disorder implicates chromosome 1p36. Biological Psychiatry, 72(8), 629-636. http://doi. org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.037
- Micali, N., Heyman, I., Perez, M., Hilton, K., Nakatani, E., Turner, C., y Mataix-Cols, D. (2010). Long-term outcomes of obsessive–compulsive disorder: Follow-up of 142 children and adolescents. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(2), 128-134. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.075317
- Mok, P. L., Webb, R. T., Appleby, L., & Pedersen, C. B. (2016). Full spectrum of mental disorders linked with childhood residential mobility. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 78, 57- 64. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.03.011
- Monzani, B., Rijsdijk, F., Harris, J., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2014). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for dimensional representations of DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. JAMA Psychiatry, 71(2), 182-189. https:// doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3524
- Navarro-Mancilla, Á. A., Rueda-Jaimes, G. E., Camacho, P. A., Franco, J. A., Escobar, M., & Díaz-Martínez, L. A. (2011). Prevalencia de trastorno obsesivo compulsivo en adolescentes colombianos y su asociación con la doble condición de trabajo y estudio. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 40(2), 279- 288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-7450(14)60124-4
- Orlovska, S., Vestergaard, C. H., Bech, B. H., Nordentoft, M., Vestergaard, M., & Benros, M. E. (2017). Association of streptococcal throat infection with mental disorders: Testing key aspects of the PANDAS hypothesis in a nationwide study. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(7), 740-746. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2017.0995
- Pascual-Vera, B., y Belloch, A. (2018). El carácter transdiagnóstico de las intrusiones mentales: Una revisión y una propuesta basada en datos. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 23(2), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.vol.23. num.2.2018.20738
- Pascual-Vera, B., Ruiz, A., y Belloch, A. (2022). Hacia la comprensión de factores comunes entre trastornos clínicamente distintos: Las intrusiones mentales en el espectro obsesivo-compulsivo. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 27(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.30174
- Pauls, D. L., Abramovitch, A., Rauch, S. L., & Geller, D. A. (2014). Obsessive-compulsive disorder: An integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 15(6), 410–424.
- Pauls, D. L., Alsobrook, J. P., Goodman, W., Rasmussen, S., & Leckman, J. F. (1995). A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.1.76
- Piqueras, J. A., García-Olcina, M., Rivera-Riquelme, M., y Pineda, D. (2020). Evidencia de validez diagnóstica de la Escala DetectaWeb-Malestar. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicologia Clínica, 25(3), 161-174.
- Raposo-Lima, C., & Morgado, P. (2020). The role of stress in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A narrative review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 28(6), 356–370. 10.1097/ HRP.0000000000000274
- Richter, P. M. A., & Ramos, R. T. (2018). Obsessive-Compulsive disorder. Continuum, 24(3, Behavioral Neurology and Psychiatry), 828–844. 10.1212/CON.0000000000000603
- Sandín, B. (1997). Ansiedad, miedos y fobias en niños y adolescents. Dykinson.
- Sandín, B. (2020). El estrés. En A. Belloch, B. Sandín y F. Ramos (Eds.), Manual de psicopatología, Vol. 1 (3ª ed., pp. 371-412). McGraw-Hill.
- Sandín, B. (2023). La esquizofrenia y otros trastornos psicóticos. Sanz y Torres.
- Sandín, B., Chorot, P., y Valiente, R. M. (2020). Psicopatología de la ansiedad y trastornos de ansiedad: Hacia un enfoque transdiagnóstico. En A. Belloch, B. Sandín y F. Ramos (Eds.), Manual de psicopatología, Vol. 1 (3ª ed., pp. 3-34). Madrid: McGraw-Hill.
- Sandín, B., Chorot, P., y Valiente, R. M. (2012). Transdiagnóstico: Nueva frontera en psicología clínica. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 17(3), 185-203. doi: https://doi. org/10.5944/rppc.vol.17.num.3.2012.11839.
- Sandín, B., García-Escalera, J., Valiente, R. M., Espinosa, V., y Chorot, P. (2020). Clinical utility of an internet-delivered version of the Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Adolescents (iUP-A): A pilot open trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 8306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph17228306
- Saxena, S., & Rauch, S. L. (2000). Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23(3), 563–586. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70181-7
- Schmitt, J. C., Valiente, R. M., García-Escalera, J., Arnáez, S., Espinosa, V., Sandín, B., Chorot, P. (2022). Prevention of depression and anxiety in subclinical adolescents: Effects of a transdiagnostic internet-delivered CBT program International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022, 19, 5365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095365
- Stavropoulos, V., Moore, K. A., Lazaratou, H., Dikeos, D., & Gomez, R. (2017). A multilevel longitudinal study of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in adolescence: Male gender and emotional stability as protective factors. Annals of General Psychiatry, 16(1), 42-54. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12991-017-0165-z
- Steinhausen, H. C., Bisgaard, C., Munk-Jørgensen, P., & Helenius, D. (2013). Family aggregation and risk factors of obsessive–compulsive disorders in a nationwide threeâ generation study. Depression and Anxiety, 30(12), 1177-1184. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22163
- Sun, J., Li, Z. J., Buys, N. J., Storch, E. A., & Wang, J. S. (2014). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and personal disposition, family coherence and school environment in Chinese adolescents: A resilience approach. Journal of Affective Disorders, 168, 459-465. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014. 07.015
- Tortella-Feliu, M., Fullana, M. A., Pérez-Vigil, A., Torres, X., Chamorro, J., Littarelli, S. A., ... & de la Cruz, L. F. (2019). Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 154-165. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.013
- Van Grootheest, D. S., Cath, D. C., Beekman, A. T., & Boomsma, D. I. (2005). Twin studies on obsessive–compulsive disorder: a review. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 8(5), 450-458. https://doi.org/10.1375/183242705774310060
- Verstraeten, K., Bijttebier, P., Vasey, M. W., & Raes, F. (2011). Specificity of worry and rumination in the development of anxiety and depressive symptoms in children. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(4), 364-378. https://doi. org/10.1348/014466510X532715
- Voltas, N., Hernández-Martínez, C., Arija, V., & Canals, J. (2013). Socio-demographic and psychopathological risk factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Epidemiologic study of school population. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 13(2), 118-126. Recuperado de https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-international-journalclinical-health-psychology-355-articulo-socio-demographicpsychopathological-risk-factors-in-X1697260013005032
- Westwell-Roper, C., & Stewart, S. E. (2019). Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. Indian journal of psychiatry, 61(Supl.1), 119-130. https://10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_524_18
- Wewetzer, C., Jans, T., Müller, B., Neudörfl, A., Bücherl, U., Remschmidt, H., Warnke, A., & Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2001). Long-term outcome and prognosis of obsessive– compulsive disorder with onset in childhood or adolescence. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 10(1), 37-46. http:// doi.org/10.1007/s007870170045
- Williams, M. T., & Jahn, M. E. (2017). Obsessive–compulsive disorder in African American children and adolescents: Risks, resiliency, and barriers to treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(3), 291-303. http://doi.org/10.1037/ ort0000188
- Wu, Y., Liu, X., Luo, H., Deng, W., Zhao, G., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., Ma, X., Liu, X., Murray, R.A. Collier, D.A., & Li, T. (2012). Advanced paternal age increases the risk of schizophrenia and obsessive–compulsive disorder in a Chinese Han population. Psychiatry Research, 198(3), 353- 359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.020